Diagnostic pediatric ultrasound

Diagnostic Pediatric Ultrasound
Media Center Information
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Video Contents
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Examining the Child and Creating a Child-Friendly Environment
	1.1 Child-Friendly Staff
	1.2 Appointment
	1.3 Appointment Letter
	1.4 Waiting Area
	1.5 Examination Room
	1.6 Examination
	1.7 How to Scan: Tips and Tricks
	1.8 Private Room
	1.9 Communicating the Results
	Recommended Readings
2 Physics and Artifacts
	2.1 Basic Principles of Ultrasound
		2.1.1 UltrasonicWaves
		2.1.2 Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
		2.1.3 Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media
		2.1.4 Doppler Echo
	2.2 Echoscopic Image Construction
		2.2.1 Amplitude Mode
		2.2.2 Brightness Mode
		2.2.3 Motion Mode
		2.2.4 Color Doppler
		2.2.5 Power Doppler
	2.3 Transducers
		2.3.1 Types of Transducers
	2.4 Resolution
		2.4.1 Axial Resolution
		2.4.2 Lateral Resolution
		2.4.3 Elevational Resolution
	2.5 Artifacts in Sonography
		2.5.1 Artifacts in 2D Ultrasound
		2.5.2 Artifacts in Doppler Ultrasound
	2.6 Advances in Echoscopic Image Construction
		2.6.1 Compound Imaging
		2.6.2 Harmonic Imaging
		2.6.3 Elastography
	2.7 Biological Effects and Safety
3 Neonatal Cranial Ultrasonography
	3.1 Ultrasound Anatomy of the Neonatal Brain
	3.2 Maturational Changes and Distinction between Physiologic and Pathologic Echogenic Areas in the Neonatal Brain
		3.2.1 White Matter
		3.2.2 Deep Gray Matter
	3.3 Timing of Examinations
	3.4 Measurements
		3.4.1 Ventricular Measurements
		3.4.2 Measurements of Cerebral Structures
	3.5 Preterm Infants: Pathology
		3.5.1 Germinal Matrix–Intraventricular Hemorrhage
		3.5.2 Post-hemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation
		3.5.3 White Matter Injury
		3.5.4 Focal Infarction
	3.6 Term Infants
		3.6.1 Pathology
		3.6.2 Congenital Abnormalities
	Recommended Readings
4 Spine
	4.1 Embryology
		4.1.1 Ascensus Medullaris
	4.2 Technique of Spinal Ultrasound
	4.3 Normal Sonographic Anatomy
		4.3.1 Normal Variants
	4.4 Pathology
		4.4.1 Non–Skin-Covered Back Masses: Open Lesions
		4.4.2 Skin-Covered Back Masses: Closed Lesions
		4.4.3 Occult/Closed Lesions without a Mass
		4.4.4 Sacral Dimple
	Recommended Readings
5 Neck
	5.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
	5.2 Pathology
		5.2.1 Vessels of the Neck
		5.2.2 Cystic Lesions
		5.2.3 Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
		5.2.4 Pilomatrixoma
		5.2.5 Solid Tumors
		5.2.6 Thyroid Gland
		5.2.7 Salivary Glands
		5.2.8 Thymus
		5.2.9 Miscellaneous Lesions
	Recommended Readings
6 Mediastinum
	6.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
		6.1.1 Thymus
		6.1.2 Trachea
		6.1.3 Esophagus
		6.1.4 Heart and Great Vessels
	6.2 Pathology
		6.2.1 Thymus
		6.2.2 Trachea
		6.2.3 Esophagus
		6.2.4 Congenital Vascular Anomalies
		6.2.5 Mediastinal Masses
	6.3 Mediastinal Ultrasound in Intensive Care: Complications Associated with Central Venous Access
	Recommended Readings
7 Pleura and Thorax
	7.1 Indications for Ultrasonography
	7.2 Anatomy and Normal Variants
		7.2.1 ThoracicWall
		7.2.2 Pleura
		7.2.3 Lungs
		7.2.4 Breast
		7.2.5 Diaphragm
	7.3 Pathology
		7.3.1 ChestWall
		7.3.2 Pleural Space
		7.3.3 Lungs
		7.3.4 Breast
		7.3.5 Diaphragm
	Recommended Readings
8 Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneal Space
	8.1 Normal Anatomy
	8.2 Pathology
		8.2.1 Abdominal Vessels
		8.2.2 Lymphadenopathy
		8.2.3 Intraperitoneal Fluid Collections
		8.2.4 Peritonitis
		8.2.5 Pneumoperitoneum
		8.2.6 Peritoneal Tumors
		8.2.7 Retroperitoneal Tumors
		8.2.8 Cystic Congenital Anomalies
	Recommended Readings
9 Liver and Biliary System
	9.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
	9.2 Normal Measurements
		9.2.1 Portal Venous Flow
		9.2.2 Hepatic Arterial Flow
		9.2.3 Hepatic Venous Flow
	9.3 Pathology
		9.3.1 Congenital Anomalies
		9.3.2 Infection
		9.3.3 Acquired Biliary Pathology
		9.3.4 Trauma
		9.3.5 Tumors
		9.3.6 Pneumobilia
		9.3.7 Miscellaneous Conditions
	Recommended Readings
10 Spleen
	10.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
		10.1.1 Embryology
		10.1.2 Anatomical Considerations
		10.1.3 Technique and Normal Ultrasound Appearances
		10.1.4 Echogenicity and Changes in Echogenicitywith Age
		10.1.5 Vascularity
		10.1.6 Normal Variants
		10.1.7 Normal Splenic Size
	10.2 Pathology
		10.2.1 Abnormalities of Location and Number
		10.2.2 Abnormalities of Size
		10.2.3 Traumatic Injury of the Spleen
	10.3 Acknowledgements
	Recommended Readings
11 Pediatric Intestinal Ultrasonography
	11.1 Esophagus
	11.2 Gastroesophageal Junction
	11.3 Stomach
	11.4 Small Bowel
	11.5 Appendix
	11.6 Large Bowel
		11.6.1 Other Causes of Colitis
	11.7 Rectum
	11.8 Anus
	11.9 Neonatal Bowel Obstruction
	11.10 Conclusion
	Recommended Readings
12 Pancreas
	12.1 Examination Technique
	12.2 Normal Anatomy, Variants, and Pseudo-lesions
	12.3 Pathology
		12.3.1 Developmental Anomalies
		12.3.2 Pancreatitis
		12.3.3 Inherited Disorders
		12.3.4 Neoplasms
		12.3.5 Cystic Masses
	Recommended Readings
13 Kidneys
	13.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
		13.1.1 Kidneys
		13.1.2 Ureters
		13.1.3 Bladder
	13.2 Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract
		13.2.1 Renal Hypodysplasia
		13.2.2 Ureteropelvic Junction Stenosis
		13.2.3 Ureterovesical Junction Stenosis
		13.2.4 Ureterovesical Reflux
		13.2.5 Duplicate Collecting System
		13.2.6 Horseshoe Kidney
	13.3 Urolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
	13.4 Kidney Cysts and Cystic Nephropathies
	13.5 Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
		13.5.1 Autosomal-Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
		13.5.2 Nephronophthisis
		13.5.3 Glomerulocystic Disease
		13.5.4 Medullary Sponge Kidney Disease
		13.5.5 Multicystic Kidney Disease
		13.5.6 Simple Cysts
		13.5.7 Complicated Cysts
	13.6 Renal Tumors
		13.6.1 Malignant Tumors
		13.6.2 Benign Tumors
	13.7 Urinary Tract Infection
	13.8 Renovascular Disease
		13.8.1 Renal Artery Stenosis
		13.8.2 Renal Vein Thrombosis
	13.9 Parenchymal Nephropathy
		13.9.1 Glomerular Nephropathies
		13.9.2 Tubular Nephropathies
		13.9.3 Interstitial Nephropathies
		13.9.4 Vascular Nephropathies
	13.10 Renal Trauma
		13.10.1 Renal Trauma Grading
	13.11 Pediatric Renal Transplantation
		13.11.1 Early Postoperative Assessment
		13.11.2 Differential Diagnosis of Early Graft Dysfunction
		13.11.3 Differential Diagnosis of Long-Term Graft Dysfunction and Imaging Aspects
	13.12 Bladder and Urethra
		13.12.1 Congenital Bladder Anomalies
		13.12.2 Urethral Anomalies
		13.12.3 Utricle
		13.12.4 Urachal Anomalies
		13.12.5 Calculi
		13.12.6 Infection
		13.12.7 Neoplasm
	13.13 Contrast-Enhanced Cystosonography
	Recommended Readings
14 Adrenal Glands
	14.1 Embryology of the Adrenal Glands
	14.2 Normal Anatomy
	14.3 Normal Sonographic Appearance
	14.4 Normal Variants
	14.5 Pathology
		14.5.1 Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
		14.5.2 Adrenal Hemorrhage in the Older Child
		14.5.3 Adrenal Cysts
		14.5.4 Adrenal Abscesses
		14.5.5 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
		14.5.6 Adrenal Hyperplasia in Older Patients
		14.5.7 Adrenal Hypoplasia
		14.5.8 Medullary Tumors: Neurogenic Tumors
		14.5.9 Medullary Tumors: Pheochromocytoma
		14.5.10 Adrenal Cortical Tumors
		14.5.11 Other Adrenal Tumors
		14.5.12 Miscellaneous Adrenal Masses
		14.5.13 Wolman Disease
	Recommended Readings
15 Sonography of the Female Genital Tract
	15.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
		15.1.1 Normal Measurements
	15.2 Pathology
		15.2.1 Congenital Anomalies
		15.2.2 Cloacal Malformation
		15.2.3 Ovarian Tumors
		15.2.4 Ovarian Torsion
		15.2.5 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		15.2.6 Amenorrhea
		15.2.7 Pubertas Praecox
	Recommended Readings
16 Male Genital Tract
	16.1 Technique of Scrotal Ultrasound and Normal Ultrasound Anatomy
	16.2 Hydrocele and Indirect Inguinal Hernia
		16.2.1 Hydrocele
		16.2.2 Indirect Inguinal Hernia
	16.3 Scrotal Tumors
		16.3.1 Testicular Tumors
		16.3.2 Secondary Tumors of the Testes
		16.3.3 Extratesticular Tumors and Masses
	16.4 Testicular Torsion
		16.4.1 Intravaginal Testicular Torsion
		16.4.2 Extravaginal Testicular Torsion
		16.4.3 Torsion of the Appendix Testis
	16.5 Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis
	16.6 Idiopathic Scrotal Edema
	16.7 Testicular Trauma
	16.8 Cystic Transformation of the Rete Testis (Tubular Ectasia)
	16.9 Epididymal Cyst
	16.10 Varicocele
	16.11 Bilobed Testicle and Polyorchidism
	16.12 Undescended Testicle and Retractile Testicle
	Recommended Readings
17 Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
	17.1 Pediatric Hip
		17.1.1 Normal Development of the Hip
		17.1.2 Ultrasound Examination for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
	17.2 Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System in the Older Child
		17.2.1 Arthritis
		17.2.2 Soft-Tissue Masses: Lumps and Bumps
	Recommended Readings
18 Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures: Biopsy and Drainage
	18.1 Biopsy
		18.1.1 Techniques and Equipment
		18.1.2 Tumor Biopsy
		18.1.3 Nontumor Biopsy
	18.2 Drainage Techniques and Equipment
	Recommended Readings
Index