Design of Hydroelectric Power Plants – Step by Step

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Symbols
Greek symbols
1 Hydroelectric powerplants
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The history
	1.3 Hydroelectric plants – outstanding events
	1.4 Hydroelectric powerplants in Brazil
	1.5 Energy transformation
	1.6 Component structures of a hydroelectric
	1.7 Largest hydroelectrics in the world
2 Planning hydropower generation
	2.1 Catchment areas and multiple uses of water
	2.2 Generation expansion planning
	2.3 Phases of studies
		2.3.1 Inventory hydroelectric studies
		2.3.2 Integrated environmental assessment
		2.3.3 Basic project of mini plants
		2.3.4 Basic project of small plants
		2.3.5 Feasibility studies
		2.3.6 Environmental impact studies
		2.3.7 Consolidated basic engineering project
		2.3.8 Environmental basic project
		2.3.9 Detailed project
	2.4 Budget and evaluation of plant’s attractiveness
		2.4.1 Standard budget
		2.4.2 Budgets after privatization
		2.4.3 Assessment of plant’s attractiveness
3 Types of power plants and layouts
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Types of power plants
		3.2.1 Function of the type of operation
		3.2.2 Function of type of use
		3.2.3 Function of the head
	3.3 Types of layouts
		3.3.1 Dam layouts
		3.3.2 Canal drop layouts
	3.4 Notes on the spillway positon in the layout
4 Hydrological studies
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Hydrological studies
		4.2.1 Basin characterization
			4.2.1.1 Drainage area
			4.2.1.2 Shape of the basin
			4.2.1.3 Mean bed slope
			4.2.1.4 Time of concentration
		4.2.2 Hydrometeorology
			4.2.2.1 Temperature
			4.2.2.2 Relative humidity
			4.2.2.3 Precipitation
			4.2.2.4 Climate classification
		4.2.3 Fluviometric measurements
		4.2.4 Tailwater elevation curve
		4.2.5 Flow-duration curves
		4.2.6 Extreme flows
			4.2.6.1 Powerhouse design flow
			4.2.6.2 Diversion flows
			4.2.6.3 Risk analysis
		4.2.7 Minimum flows
		4.2.8 Regularization of discharges
		4.2.9 Determination of sanitary flow
	4.3 Curves quota × area × volume
	4.4 Reservoir flood routing
	4.5 Backwater studies
	4.6 Free board
	4.7 Reservoir filling studies
	4.8 Reservoir useful life studies
5 Power output
	5.1 Available head
	5.2 Power output
	5.3 Turbine type selection
	5.4 Energy simulation
	5.5 Energy-economic dimensioning
	5.6 Number of generating units
	5.7 Determination of physical guarantee
6 Geological and geotechnical studies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Investigations/study phases
	6.3 Material parameters
	6.4 Foundation treatment methods
	6.5 Drainage systems
		6.5.1 Drainage system of earth and rockfill dams
		6.5.2 Drainage system of the concrete dams
	6.6 Instrumentation of foundations
	6.7 Construction materials
7 Dams
	7.1 Types of dams
	7.2 Earth dams
		7.2.1 Design criteria and section type
			7.2.1.1 Principle of flow control
			7.2.1.2 Principle of stability
			7.2.1.3 Principle of compatibility of deformations of the various materials
		7.2.2 Percolation analysis
			7.2.2.1 Internal drainage system
			7.2.2.2 Transitions
			7.2.2.3 Foundation waterproofing
		7.2.3 Stability analyses
		7.2.4 Tension and strain analysis
			7.2.4.1 Deformability and displacements
		7.2.5 Slopes protection
	7.3 Rockfill dams
		7.3.1 Rockfill dam with clay core
		7.3.2 Concrete face rockfill dams
		7.3.3 Asphalt concrete face rockfill dams
		7.3.4 Asphalt core rockfill dams
	7.4 Concrete gravity dam
		7.4.1 Gravity dam – conventional concrete
		7.4.2 Gravity dam – roller compacted concrete (RCC)
	7.5 Concrete arch dam
8 Spillways
	8.1 Types of spillways and selection criteria
	8.2 Hydraulic design
		8.2.1 Design of the tucuruí spillway
		8.2.2 Physical model studies
	8.3 Energy dissipation
		8.3.1 Ski jump dissipators
		8.3.2 Hydraulic jump energy dissipators – stilling basins
		8.3.3 Efforts downstream of dissipators
		8.3.4 Erosion pit dimensions assessment
	8.4 Cavitation
		8.4.1 Conceptualization and characteristic parameters
		8.4.2 Cavitation caused by irregularities
		8.4.3 Protective measures specifications
		8.4.4 Cavitation cases
	8.5 Aeration
	8.6 Operating aspects in spillway monitoring
9 Hydraulic conveyance design
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Power canal
	9.3 Intake
		9.3.1 Geometry
		9.3.2 Minimum submergence
		9.3.3 Ventilation duct
		9.3.4 Vibration in the trashracks
		9.3.5 Head losses
	9.4 Penstocks
		9.4.1 Head losses
		9.4.2 Economic diameter
			9.4.2.1 Annex support and anchor blocks
		9.4.3 Waterhammer
			9.4.3.1 Overpressure calculation due to instant closing
			9.4.3.2 Calculation of overpressure (h) due to gradual closure without surge tank
	9.5 Tunnel
		9.5.1 General design criteria
			9.5.1.1 Tunnel alignment
			9.5.1.2 Covering criteria
		9.5.2 Criteria for hydraulic tunnel dimensioning
		9.5.3 Design application
		9.5.4 Assumptions for tunnel lining dimensioning
	9.6 Surge Tanks
		9.6.1 Types of surge tanks
		9.6.2 Criteria used in inventory studies (Canambra)
		9.6.3 Canambra criteria
		9.6.4 Rotating masses inertia
		9.6.5 Interconnected system operation
		9.6.6 Surge tank need – summary
		9.6.7 Minimum dimensions of the surge tank
	9.7 Powerhouse
		9.7.1 Outdoor powerhouses
			9.7.1.1 Powerhouse at the foot of the dam
			9.7.1.2 Powerhouse as part of the dam
			9.7.1.3 Powerhouse downstream of the dam
		9.7.2 Underground powerhouses – examples
	9.8 Tailrace
10 Mechanical equipment
	10.1 Gates and valves
		10.1.1 Preliminary considerations
		10.1.2 Gates
			10.1.2.1 Types of gates
			10.1.2.2 Gate classification
			10.1.2.3 Selection of the type of gates
			10.1.2.4 Usage limits
			10.1.2.5 Outlet discharge coefficients
			10.1.2.6 Discharge coefficients – spillways segment gates
		10.1.3 Valves
	10.2 Turbines
		10.2.1 Generalities
			10.2.1.1 Action turbines
			10.2.1.2 Reaction turbines
		10.2.2 Design conditions and data
		10.2.3 Turbine efficiency and plant efficiency
		10.2.4 Turbine equation
		10.2.5 Hydraulic similarity and speed number
		10.2.6 Specific numbers
		10.2.7 Operation out of design head
		10.2.8 Runaway speed
		10.2.9 Hydraulic thrust
		10.2.10 Suction height and cavitation
		10.2.11 Cavitation limits
	10.3 Pelton Turbines
		10.3.1 Application range
		10.3.2 Basic principle
		10.3.3 Dimensions
		10.3.4 Performance data
	10.4 Francis turbines
		10.4.1 Application range
		10.4.2 Basic principle
		10.4.3 Dimensions
		10.4.4 Performance data
	10.5 Kaplan turbines
		10.5.1 Application range
		10.5.2 Basic principle
		10.5.3 Dimensions
		10.5.4 Performance data
	10.6 Bulb turbines
		10.6.1 Application range
		10.6.2 Basic principle
		10.6.3 Dimensions
		10.6.4 Performance data
	10.7 Tubular turbines
	10.8 Straflo turbines
	10.9 Open flume turbine
	10.10 Turbine performance tests
		10.10.1 Performance guarantees
		10.10.2 Field test
		10.10.3 Model tests
	10.11 Turbine control
	10.12 Mechanical auxiliary equipment
11 Electrical equipment: operation and maintenance
	11.1 Synchronous generator
		11.1.1 Synchronous machines
		11.1.2 The energy conversion
		11.1.3 Generator main elements
		11.1.4 Generator rated capacity
		11.1.5 Dimensioning factors
		11.1.6 Design principles
			11.1.6.1 The stator core
			11.1.6.2 The stator winding
			11.1.6.3 The poles and pole windings
			11.1.6.4 The bearings
			11.1.6.5 The cooling system
		11.1.7 Monitoring and instrumentation
		11.1.8 Transport of turbine-generator and assembly
		11.1.9 Tests
	11.2 Layout of the generating unit
	11.3 Main transformers
	11.4 Auxiliary electrical systems
		11.4.1 Alternating current system (AC)
		11.4.2 Direct current system (DC)
	11.5 Protection systems
		11.5.1 Protective relays
		11.5.2 Current protection criteria
		11.5.3 Protection of generating nits
			11.5.3.1 Electrical faults
			11.5.3.2 Mechanical faults
		11.5.4 Protection of elevator transformers
		11.5.5 Transmission line protection
		11.5.6 Breaker failure protection
		11.5.7 Substation bar protection
	11.6 Substation interconnection of the plant to the system
		11.6.1 Switchyard, or substation, equipment
		11.6.2 Other components and installations
		11.6.3 Switchyard types
		11.6.4 Equipment arrangements
		11.6.5 Maneuvering schemes
			11.6.5.1 Simple bar
			11.6.5.2 Main transfer bar, single breaker
			11.6.5.3 Double bar, single breaker
			11.6.5.4 Double bar, single circuit breaker with bypass disconnecting switches
			11.6.5.5 Double bar and transfer bar
			11.6.5.6 Double bar, one breaker and a half
			11.6.5.7 Double bar, double breaker
		11.6.6 Maneuvering scheme selection criteria
		11.6.7 Powerplant connection to electrical system
			11.6.7.1 Receiving substation
			11.6.7.2 Transmission line
	11.7 Operation and maintenance
12 Construction planning
	12.1 Construction phases
		12.1.1 First phase diversion
		12.1.2 Second phase diversion
	12.2 River diversion design
		12.2.1 Discharges and risks
		12.2.2 Phases of river diversion
		12.2.3 River diversion dimensioning
		12.2.4 River diversion – execution
		12.2.5 Hydraulic models
	12.3 Construction planning
	12.4 Assembly or erection planning
	12.5 Accesses to the construction site
	12.6 Contracting procedures
		12.6.1 Classical modality
		12.6.2 Turn-Key
		12.6.3 Alliance
		12.6.4 Guaranteed maximum price
		12.6.5 Final considerations
13 Risks and management of patrimony
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Dam breaks causes statistics
	13.3 Main accidents in the world
		13.3.1 Malpasset dam (Southeast France)
		13.3.2 Vajont dam (Italy)
		13.3.3 Teton dam (USA)
			13.3.3.1 US dam safety
		13.3.4 El Guapo dam (Venezuela)
		13.3.5 Lower San Fernando dam (USA)
		13.3.6 Sayano-Shushensk accident (Russia)
		13.3.7 Bieudron plant – breakdown of the penstock (Switzerland)
	13.4 Risks associated with hydroelectric plants
		13.4.1 Risks of dam breaks – submersion waves
		13.4.2 Dam breaks risk prevention – regulatory and legal aspects
		13.4.3 Flood risks
		13.4.4 Geological and geotechnical risks
		13.4.5 Risks related to the constructive aspects
		13.4.6 Risks related to penstocks
		13.4.7 Risks related to turbine start-up
		13.4.8 Risks during operation and maintenance
	13.5 Management of hydroelectric patrimony
		13.5.1 Context evolution
		13.5.2 The three issues of asset management in hydraulic production
		13.5.3 Risk management: key issues
			13.5.3.1 The technical questions
			13.5.3.2 The coordination of actions
			13.5.3.3 Decision support for measurement of issues posed
			13.5.3.4 principles governing the development of decision approaches
		13.5.4 Risk hierarchy
			13.5.4.1 Operations prioritization process
			13.5.4.2 Define unwanted events
			13.5.4.3 Evaluate occurrences
			13.5.4.4 The impacts per question
		13.5.5 A multicriteria decision support
	13.6 Conclusion
References
Glossary
Appendix: Chapter 3 – Additional examples of layouts
Index