Democracy in Southern Europe: Colonialism, International Relations and Europeanization from Malta to Cyprus

Cover
Epigraph
Epigraph
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Democratization in Southern Europe as shown in the political literature of the.region
	Introduction
	A focus on the domestic scene: The functionalist approach
		Southern Europe: A region apart
	A model of retarded development
	Southern Europe returns to the fold: The successful transition
	The comparative approach and the importance of chronology
	The influence of the developmental and modernization schools
	The elitist approach and the role of domestic players – the first phase: The politics of conflict and dis-unified elites
	Fascist and colonial models of government
	The elitist school – the second phase: From dis-unified to consensual elites
	The elitist school – the third phase: Politics conducted by consensually unified elites
	Pacted transitions and the application of game theory
	Game theory and the four-player model
	Variations on the model
	The model in action
	The key role of the domestic players and the subsidiary role of the external players
	The external factor – phase one: The macro climate and the functionalist approach
	The external factor – phase two: The micro climate and the elitist approach
	A politics of consensus under the influence of consensually unified elites
	The inclusion of external factors in models of democratization
	Phase three: Integrating domestic and external variables
	From bilateral to the multilateral, from the national to the supranational
	The twenty-first century and the concept of the reverse wave
	Conclusion
Chapter 2 Democratization in Southern Europe – an external model of transition: Colonial versus authoritarian trends
	Introduction
	The absence of external players in democratization models
	The global order and different regime types: Similarities of the colonial and authoritarian models
	The premodern phase: The discourse of fragmented nationalism and the dominance of dis-unified elites
	Hijacking the fragmented nation state
		The forces of the right – a home-grown authoritarian model
		The forces of the right – an imported colonial model
	The problem of smallness and island micro states
	Democratization: Consolidating sovereignty and the nation-state model
		Spain and Portugal – the ancient regime: Weak states, delayed democratization
		The five-player model: Greece and Italy – new nations: Defeated states, failed democratizations
		The five-player model: Malta and Cyprus – colonized states: Limited sovereignty: Failed democratizations
	The four-and-a-half-player model: The modern phase
		A colonial model – the case of Malta
		The authoritarian model – Spain, Portugal, Greece and Italy
	The international climate
	The postmodern phase: Nation to federation – independence to integration
		The post-authoritarian model
	The postcolonial model
	The post-truth phase: Supranational versus the intergovernmental
	Conclusion
Chapter 3 Malta and Cyprus: The case of guided democracies – democratic transition from colonial rule
	Introduction
	History: Points of commonality
	History: Points of divergence
	The transition begins: The functionalist approach – government prior to British rule
	Constitutional developments
	The emergence of a party system
	The transitions begin: The elitist approach – the extremes emerge
	Economics and the emergence of unions
	Transition and public opinion
	External players enter in full force
	The independence constitutions
	Negotiating the constitutions
	Lack of consensus – Cyprus
	Lack of consensus – Malta
	Seeking the support of other external players: The UN
	The politics of collusion
	The impact of the Cold War
	Democratic transition or attempts at continued hegemony?
	The extremes threaten the transition
	Completed transitions in a climate of uncertainty and unpreparedness
	Conclusion
Chapter 4 Newly independent states – Cyprus and Malta: Consolidating democracy and its subsequent breakdown
	Introduction
	Background
	The collapse of democratic government
	Phase one: Working and living with the constitution
		Real versus apparent independence
		A superior or inferior and more or less equitable constitution
		Majority as averse to minority support for the constitution
	Preliminary attempts at settlement
		The case of Cyprus
		The case of Malta
		The role of external players
	Phase two: Attempts at constitutional revision
		The case of Malta
		The case of Cyprus
		The role of external players
	Phase three: Failure to compromise, coercive action and the counter state
		The case of Malta
		The case of Cyprus
		The role of external players
	Conclusion
Chapter 5 Malta and Cyprus: Consolidating the nation state – negotiating a compromise: The second transition
	Introduction
	Different points of departure
	Cyprus in 1964 and Malta in 1981: The extent of regime breakdown
	Enter external actors
	Background to mediation
	The talks begin
	The changing environment
	The breakdown of talks
	Rising violence
	Last-ditch attempts to save the talks
	Conclusion
Chapter 6 Consolidating democracy under a federal model: Malta, Cyprus and the EU
	Introduction
	History of EU relations
	Changing conditions
	The long haul
	The suitability of Malta and Cyprus for EU membership
	Divergent views on membership
	Impact on the party systems
	Successfully co-opting the opposition
	Preparing for accession and adopting the Acquis
	Structured dialogue and the transformation of the state
	Commission feedback
	Accommodating the opposition
	Membership and the state transformed
	A decade post accession: Democratization progression or regression?
	Conclusion
Conclusion: From Democratic Consolidation to Europeanization
	Assessing the model
	The model’s trajectory: From dependency to Europeanization
	Whither the model? The way forward
Notes
Bibliography
Index