Degrammaticalization

0199207933......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
List of Swedish sources referred to in the text......Page 18
1.1 Downs and ups in the history of degrammaticalization......Page 20
1.2 Aims and outline......Page 21
1.3.1 Grammaticalization......Page 24
1.3.2 Degrammaticalization......Page 27
1.3.3 Lexicalization......Page 28
1.3.4 Areas of overlap......Page 30
1.3.5 Diachronic gradualness and synchronic gradience......Page 35
1.3.6 Reanalysis and analogy......Page 37
1.4.1 ‘Secondary’ grammaticalization......Page 39
1.4.2 Pragmaticalization......Page 40
1.4.3 Clause combining......Page 42
1.5 Context and constructions......Page 45
1.6.1 Processes versus results......Page 48
1.6.2 Grammaticalization as a ‘theory’......Page 52
1.6.3 Changes and correspondences......Page 54
1.6.4 Reconstruction as evidence......Page 55
1.6.5 Case study: Romance MENTE......Page 60
1.7 Summary......Page 65
2.1 Introduction......Page 67
2.2.1 Clines......Page 73
2.2.2 Cycles......Page 74
2.3 Irreversibility......Page 77
2.4 Non-directional change: lateral shifts......Page 80
2.5 Alternative sources of grammatical markers......Page 83
2.6 Allegedly irreversible changes......Page 85
2.6.1 Desemanticization......Page 86
2.6.2 Decategorialization......Page 91
2.6.3 Univerbation......Page 96
2.6.4 Phonological attrition......Page 102
2.6.5 Subjectification......Page 104
2.6.6 Summary......Page 108
2.7.1 Usage-based approaches......Page 109
2.7.2 A psycholinguistic approach......Page 112
2.7.3 Generative approaches......Page 113
2.7.4 Other formal explanations......Page 119
2.8 Summary......Page 122
3.1 Introduction......Page 125
3.2 Regrammaticalization and antigrammaticalization......Page 126
3.3 Terminological proliferation and confusion......Page 128
3.3.1 Loss of grammatical meaning......Page 129
3.3.2 Mirror image reversal......Page 130
3.3.3 Lexicalization of function words and affixes......Page 131
3.3.4 Euphemism......Page 133
3.3.5 Adaptation and exaptation......Page 134
3.3.6 Replacement......Page 137
3.4 A generic definition......Page 139
3.5 Classifying degrammaticalization......Page 142
3.5.1 Lehmann’s parameters......Page 143
3.5.2 Some notes on the parameter of structural scope......Page 145
3.5.3 Parameters of degrammaticalization......Page 149
3.5.4 Andersen’s levels of observation......Page 151
3.5.5 Three types of degrammaticalization......Page 152
3.6 Summary......Page 153
4.1 Introduction......Page 154
4.2 From modal auxiliary to lexical verb......Page 155
4.3 Bulgarian nešto: from indefinite pronoun to noun ‘thing’......Page 162
4.4 Welsh eiddo: from possessive pronoun to noun ‘property’......Page 164
4.5 Middle Welsh yn ol: from preposition to Modern Welsh full verb nôl ‘to fetch’......Page 167
5.2 Classifying bound morphemes......Page 171
5.2.1 Inflectional versus derivational affixes......Page 172
5.2.2 Inflectional affixes versus clitics......Page 176
5.2.3 Continua......Page 178
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 179
5.3.2 The s-genitive in Swedish......Page 181
5.3.3 The s-genitive in English......Page 191
5.3.4 Alternative analyses......Page 194
5.4 Swedish -er: from case suffix to nominalization suffix......Page 198
5.5 Swedish -on: from number suffix to ‘berry-name suffix’......Page 200
5.6 From inflection to derivation in Kwaza quotative constructions......Page 202
6.1 Introduction......Page 205
6.2 Replacement and retraction......Page 207
6.3.1 English......Page 209
6.3.2 Scandinavian......Page 212
6.4 Japanese connectives......Page 218
6.5 Old Estonian emphatic ep and interrogative es: from clitic to free particle......Page 220
6.6 Irish muid: from verb suffix to pronoun......Page 223
6.7 Northern Saami haga: from case suffix to postposition......Page 226
6.8 Deaffixation in the Hup verbal compound......Page 229
6.9 Dutch/Frisian/German tig/tich/zig: from suffix to quantifier......Page 232
6.10 Northern Swedish bö-: from prefix to lexical verb......Page 239
6.11 English -ish: from suffix to free morpheme......Page 242
6.12 Tura LÁ: from bound to free derivational marker......Page 244
7.1 Lehmann’s parameters revisited......Page 247
7.2 Defining characteristics of the three types of degrammaticalization......Page 250
7.3 Mechanisms and motivating forces......Page 252
7.4 Outlook......Page 256
References......Page 258
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C......Page 282
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M......Page 286
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S......Page 288
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