Deep Learning: How the Mind Overrides Experience

CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
PART ONE INTRODUCTION......Page 18
1 The Need to Override Experience......Page 20
A CLOCK SO TURBULENT......Page 21
LEARNING IN A TURBULENT WORLD......Page 32
DEEP LEARNING......Page 38
2 The Nature of the Enterprise......Page 41
CLOSING THE ESCAPE ROUTES......Page 42
THE ARCHITECTURE OF COGNITION: THE BASICS......Page 45
The Centrality of Representation......Page 46
Functions and Processes......Page 50
The Necessity of Control......Page 52
The Turing-Newell Vision......Page 54
Componential Explanations......Page 56
The Repertoire of Learning Mechanisms......Page 59
Triggering Conditions......Page 61
Patterns as Explanatory Targets......Page 62
Challenges for Componential Explanations......Page 63
Criteria of Adequacy......Page 65
THE PATH AHEAD......Page 66
PART TWO CREATIVITY......Page 68
3 The Production of Novelty......Page 70
How Is Novelty Possible?......Page 71
Products......Page 74
Individuals......Page 76
Processes......Page 77
What Gives Direction to an Act of Creation?......Page 79
Four Creativity Questions......Page 80
Novelty Through Combination......Page 81
Novelty Through Accumulation......Page 87
Accumulation Through Variation-Selection?......Page 88
Accumulation Through Heuristic Search......Page 90
Evaluation of Accumulation Theories......Page 95
Novelty Through Restructuring......Page 97
A REPERTOIRE OF IDEAS......Page 102
4 Creative Insight: The Redistribution Theory......Page 104
The Case Against Insight Problems......Page 105
The Insight Sequence......Page 108
ANALYTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING......Page 110
Visual perception......Page 111
Language comprehension......Page 114
Knowledge Retrieval......Page 115
Anticipation......Page 117
Subgoaling......Page 118
Heuristic Search......Page 119
The Power and the Limit of Experience......Page 120
The Causes of Unwarranted Impasses......Page 121
How Impasses Are Resolved......Page 124
Aftermath: Pursuing the New Option......Page 130
ANSWERS TO THE CREATIVITY QUESTIONS......Page 133
Completeness and Simplicity......Page 135
Experimental Grounding......Page 137
Alternative explanations for impasses?......Page 140
Resolving impasses: A role for forgetting?......Page 142
Resolving impasses: The role of externalities......Page 144
Resolving impasses: Laterality in spread of activation?......Page 145
5 Creative Insight Writ Large......Page 147
GENERALIZATION VERSUS SCALING......Page 148
SCALING ACROSS TIME AND COMPLEXITY......Page 150
Search......Page 151
Subgoaling......Page 152
Complexity: Impasse and Insight......Page 153
Scaling Across Time......Page 158
Other Properties That Scale......Page 163
Summary and Discussion......Page 165
SCALING FROM INDIVIDUALS TO COLLECTIVES......Page 167
Stagnation and Breakthroughs in Collectives......Page 168
An Emerging Change Mechanism: Replacement......Page 175
Summary......Page 176
MERGING TIME AND COLLECTIVITY......Page 177
THE ULTIMATE SYSTEM LEVEL......Page 183
PART THREE ADAPTATION......Page 184
6 The Growth of Competence......Page 186
QUESTIONS ABOUT PRACTICE......Page 189
RULES AND THE STRUCTURE OF ACTION......Page 194
The Units of Behavior......Page 195
Goals......Page 196
Task Environments......Page 197
Practical Knowledge......Page 199
Strategy Execution......Page 201
PROCESSES FOR SKILL ACQUISITION......Page 203
A Century of Progress......Page 204
The Information Specificity Principle......Page 209
Stage 1: Getting started......Page 211
Stage 2: Mastery......Page 213
Stage 3: Optimization......Page 215
THE NINE MODES THEORY......Page 216
7 Error Correction: The Specialization Theory......Page 222
FRAMING THE PROBLEM......Page 223
Objective Versus Subjective Errors......Page 225
Dissociation Between Action and Judgment......Page 227
Error Signals as Constraint Violations......Page 229
ERROR CORRECTION......Page 232
The Origin of Errors......Page 234
Constraint-Based Specialization......Page 237
Rule Genealogies and Conflict Resolution......Page 240
Relation to Alternative Mechanisms......Page 242
The Anatomy of a Single Learning Event......Page 246
Three Central Concepts......Page 250
THE PROBLEM OF TRANSFER......Page 252
The Constraint-Based Theory of Transfer......Page 253
Simulating Successful Transfer......Page 254
The Primacy of Adaptation......Page 261
THE PROBLEM OF TUTORING......Page 262
Simulating Learning From Tutoring......Page 264
Constraint-Based Tutoring......Page 266
From CBM to Multiple Tutoring Modes......Page 268
NORBERT WIENER’S INSIGHT......Page 270
8 Error Correction in Context......Page 272
SCALING ACROSS TIME AND COMPLEXITY......Page 273
The short-term learning curve......Page 274
Multiple overlapping waves......Page 280
Long-term growth of complexity......Page 282
Size of knowledge base......Page 285
Domain specificity......Page 286
Flexibility......Page 288
ERROR REDUCTION IN COLLECTIVES......Page 290
The nature of collective errors......Page 291
The centrality of constraints......Page 294
The specialization of operating procedures......Page 296
The shape of change in collectives......Page 297
Safety Implications......Page 301
BIG ERRORS AND THE FATES OF SOCIETIES......Page 303
PART FOUR CONVERSION......Page 306
9 The Formation of Belief......Page 308
THE QUESTIONS OF CONVERSION......Page 310
Knowledge-Dependent Processing......Page 315
Center-Periphery Structure......Page 319
Dissonance Reduction......Page 322
Discredit the source......Page 323
Bolstering......Page 324
Mediation/abduction......Page 325
Discussion......Page 328
CONVERSION: SCIENCE AS EXAMPLE......Page 329
Progress Through Falsification......Page 330
The Accumulation of Anomalies......Page 331
The Many Roads Since Structure\n......Page 333
Kuhn in the Woodwork......Page 336
The Theory-Theory......Page 338
Ontological Category Shifts......Page 339
The Pedagogical Turn......Page 340
A Child Is Only a Child......Page 341
FALSIFICATION AS FALSIFIED......Page 343
10 Belief Revision: The Resubsumption Theory......Page 346
The Dimensions of Beliefs......Page 347
The Structure of Belief Systems......Page 351
The Components of Conflicts......Page 355
Local Coherence and Latent Conflict......Page 359
Bisociation and Manifest Conflict......Page 362
Competitive Evaluation......Page 363
Propagation of Change......Page 366
Three Vignettes......Page 367
Summary......Page 369
RELATIONS TO OTHER THEORIES......Page 371
THE PRAGMATIC IMPERATIVE......Page 375
PART FIVE CONCLUSION......Page 378
11 Elements of a unified Theory......Page 380
Spontaneous Activity......Page 385
Structured, Unbounded Representations......Page 387
Layered, Selective, Capacity-Limited, Feed-Forward Processing......Page 388
Ubiquitous Monotonic Learning......Page 389
Local Coherence and Latent Conflict......Page 390
Feedback and Point Changes......Page 391
Amplified Propagation of Point Changes......Page 393
Competitive Evaluation via Cognitive Utility......Page 395
Necessary, Sufficient, or Both?......Page 396
EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS......Page 398
ON THE DIFFICULTY OF NON-MONOTONIC CHANGE......Page 400
12 The Recursion Curse......Page 406
NOTES......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 472
NAME INDEX......Page 532
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 536