Crops as enhancers of nutrient use

Front Cover......Page 1
Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
PART I: Genetic and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency......Page 16
CHAPTER 1. Genetics, Breeding, and Physiological Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency: An Overview......Page 18
I. Gene Implications......Page 19
II. Breeding Techniques......Page 27
III. Physiological Mechanisms......Page 39
IV. Summary......Page 40
References......Page 44
CHAPTER 2. Ion Absorption and Utilization: The Cellular Level......Page 52
I. Ion Absorption by Roots......Page 54
II. Regulation of Ion Uptake......Page 65
III. Utilization of Absorbed Nutrients......Page 70
IV. Summary......Page 73
References......Page 74
I. Nutritional Variation......Page 80
II. Root Effects on Whole-Plant Functioning......Page 82
III. Efficient Cultivars: A Whole-Plant Function......Page 86
References......Page 91
CHAPTER 4. Genetics and Breeding of Cereals for Acid Soils and Nutrient Efficiency......Page 96
I. Acid Soil Stress......Page 97
III. Role of Genetic Engineering......Page 134
References......Page 136
CHAPTER 5. Physiology of Cereals for Mineral Nutrient Uptake, Use, and Efficiency......Page 146
I. Definition of Mineral Nutrient Efficiency......Page 147
II. Rationale for Improving Plants for Mineral Nutritional Characteristics......Page 150
III. Mechanisms for Genotypic Variation in Mineral Nutrients......Page 152
IV. Summary......Page 197
References......Page 198
CHAPTER 6. Legume Genetics and Breeding for Stress Tolerance and Nutrient Efficiency......Page 226
I. Formulation of Goals......Page 227
II. Assessment of Stress Factors in the Edaphic Environment and Their Amendability to Resolution through Plant Breeding......Page 228
III. Breeding Principles......Page 229
IV. Genetic Variability......Page 231
V. Inheritance and Heritability......Page 232
VI. Acid Soil Stress......Page 233
VII. Alkaline Soils......Page 242
VIII. Salinity and Other Problems......Page 244
IX. Micronutrients......Page 245
X. Phosphorus......Page 249
XII. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation......Page 251
XIII. Mycorrhizae and Legumes in Problem Soils......Page 257
XIV. Summary......Page 258
References......Page 259
CHAPTER 7. Mechanisms Improving Nutrient Use by Crop and Herbage Legumes......Page 268
I. Mechanisms Improving Nutrient Uptake......Page 269
II. Mechanisms Improving Nutrient Use......Page 291
III. Effect of Genotype X Environment Interactions on Improved Nutrient Uptake and Use......Page 301
References......Page 306
I. Overview......Page 328
II. Leaf Structure and Components......Page 330
III. Efficiency of Foliar Uptake......Page 334
IV. Foliar Uptake—Long-Distance Transport......Page 341
V. Environmental/Physiological Factors Affecting Foliar Uptake......Page 345
VI. Fertilizer Use Efficiency......Page 350
References......Page 355
PART II: Plant—Soil Interactions in Altering Nutrient Use Efficiency......Page 364
CHAPTER 9. Soil—Plant Interaction on Nutrient Use Efficiency in Plants: An Overview......Page 366
I. Plant Factors......Page 367
II. Nutritional Factors......Page 369
III. Environmental Factors......Page 380
IV. Microbial Association......Page 383
V. Soil Management......Page 385
References......Page 386
CHAPTER 10. Root Microbial Interactions and Rhizosphere Nutrient Dynamics......Page 390
I. The Rhizosphere Ecosystem......Page 391
II. Specific Root Microbial Interactions......Page 396
III. Nutrient Availability and Uptake......Page 401
IV. Rhizosphere Dynamics, Biological Control, and Emerging Technologies......Page 408
References......Page 416
CHAPTER 11. Influence of Root System Morphology and Development on the Need for Fertilizers and the Efficiency of Use......Page 426
I. Crop Nutrient Requirements......Page 429
II. Root System Characters with Potential for Variation......Page 431
III. Root System Morphology and Development......Page 433
IV. Variation in Root and Root System Activity......Page 447
V. The Effect on Functioning of Root System Morphology......Page 449
VI. Root System Activity and Functioning......Page 456
VII. Prospects for Modifying Plant Root Systems......Page 458
VIII. Conclusions: Possibilities for Improving Nutrient Capture by Modification of the Root System......Page 461
References......Page 463
CHAPTER 12. Role of Moisture Stress in Plant Nutritional Functions......Page 468
I. Water and Nutrient Availability......Page 469
II. Biological Activity......Page 474
III. Management Practices......Page 479
IV. Conclusions......Page 485
References......Page 486
CHAPTER 13. Soil—Plant Nutrient Relationships at Low pH Stress......Page 490
I. Growth-Limiting Factors in Acid Soils......Page 491
II. Deficiencies and Uptake Efficiencies of Nutrients in Crops......Page 501
III. Management of Soil Acidity......Page 511
References......Page 515
CHAPTER 14. Plant Nutrient Interactions in Alkaline and Calcareous Soils......Page 524
I. Geography and Character of Arid and Semiarid Region Soils......Page 525
II. Alkaline Soils versus Fe Plant Nutrition......Page 526
III. Salt-Affected Soils versus Crop Productivity......Page 535
IV. Summary......Page 550
References......Page 551
Glossary of Common and Scientific Names of Plants......Page 560
Index......Page 566