Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Inside Front Cover
	Half Title Page
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	Preface
	Contents
	Half Title Page
Part One Critical Thinking and Reading
	Chapter 1 Critical Thinking
		Thinking through an Issue
			Analyzing and Evaluating from Multiple Perspectives
			Survey, Analyze, and Evaluate the Issue
			Obstacles to Critical Thinking
			Anticipating Counterarguments
		Critical Thinking at Work: From a Cluster to a Short Essay
			Alexa Cabrera, Stirred and Strained: Pastafarians Should Be Allowed to Practice in Prison (student essay)
		Generating Ideas: Writing as a Way of Thinking
			Confronting Unfamiliar Issues
			Using Clustering to Discover Ideas
			Approaching an Issue (or an Assignment)
			Prompting Yourself: Classical Topics and Invention
		An Essay for Generating Ideas
			Nina Fedoroff, The Genetically Engineered Salmon Is a Boon for Consumers and Sustainability
			Thinking Critically about the Issue
		A Short Essay Calling for Critical Thinking
			Lynn Stuart Parramore, Fitbits for Bosses
		Examining Assumptions
			Helen Benedict, The Military Has a Man Problem
		Assignments for Critical Thinking
	Chapter 2 Critical Reading: Getting Started
		Active Reading
			Previewing
			A Short Essay for Previewing Practice
			Sanjay Gupta, Why I Changed My Mind on Weed
			Reading With a Careful Eye: Underlining, Highlighting, Annotating
			Reading: Fast and Slow
			Defining Terms and Concepts
		Summarizing and Paraphrasing
		Patchwriting and Plagiarism
		Strategies for Summarizing
			Critical Summary
			A Short Essay for Summarizing Practice
			Susan Jacoby, A First Amendment Junkie
		Essays for Analysis
			Gwen Wilde, Why the Pledge of Allegiance Should Be Revised (student essay)
			Zachary Shemtob and David Lat, Executions Should Be Televised
		A Casebook for Critical Reading: Should Some Kinds of Speech Be Censored?
			Suzanne Nossel, The Pro–Free Speech Way to Fight Fake News
			Charles R. Lawrence III, On Racist Speech
		Assignments for Critical Reading
	Chapter 3 Critical Reading: Getting Deeper into Arguments
		Persuasion, Argument, and Rhetorical Appeals
		Reason, Rationalization, and Confirmation Bias
		Types of Reasoning
			Induction
			Deduction
			Premises and Syllogisms
		Some Procedures in Argument
			Definitions
			Assumptions
			Evidence: Experimentation, Examples, Authoritative Testimony, and Numerical Data
		Nonrational Appeals
			Satire, Irony, Sarcasm
			Emotional Appeals
		Does All Writing Contain Arguments?
		An Example: An Argument and a Look at the Writer’s Strategies
			John Tierney, The Reign of Recycling
		Arguments for Analysis
			Kwame Anthony Appiah, Go Ahead, Speak for Yourself
			Nausicaa Renner, How Do You Explain the “Obvious”?
			Anna Lisa Raya, It’s Hard Enough Being Me (student essay)
			Ronald Takaki, The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority
			James Q. Wilson, Just Take Away Their Guns
			Bernie Sanders, We Must Make Public Colleges and Universities Tuition Free
		Assignments for Critical Reading
	Chapter 4 Visual Rhetoric: Thinking about Images as Arguments
		Uses of Visual Images
			Types of Emotional Appeals
		Seeing versus Looking: Reading Advertisements
		Levels of Images
		Documenting Reality: Reading Photographs
			A Word on “Alternative Facts”
		Accommodating, Resisting, and Negotiating the Meaning of Images
		Are Some Images Not Fit to Be Shown?: Politics and Pictures
			An Argument on Publishing Images
		Writing about Political Cartoons
		An Example: A Student’s Essay Analyzing Images
			Ryan Kwon, The American Pipe Dream? (student essay)
		Visuals as Aids to Clarity: Maps, Graphs, and Pie Charts
			A Word on Misleading or Manipulative Visual Data
		Using Visuals in Your Own Paper
		Additional Images for Analysis
			Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother
			United States Government, World War II Recruitment Poster
			Nora Ephron, The Boston Photographs
		Assignments in Visual Rhetoric
Part Two Critical Writing
	Chapter 5 Writing an Analysis of an Argument
		Analyzing an Argument
			Examining The Author’s Thesis
			Examining the Author’s Purpose
			Examining the Author’s Methods
			Examining the Author’s Persona
			Examining the Author’s Audience
			Organizing Your Analysis
			Summary versus Analysis
		An Argument, Its Elements, and a Student’s Analysis of the Argument
			Nicholas D. Kristof, For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle
			The Essay Analyzed
			Theresa Carcaldi, For Sound Argument, Drop the Jokes: How Kristof Falls Short in Convincing His Audience (student essay)
			An Analysis of the Student’s Analysis
		Arguments for Analysis
			Jeff Jacoby, Bring Back Flogging
			Matthew Walther, Sorry, Nerds: Video Games Are Not a Sport
			Justin Cronin, Confessions of a Liberal Gun Owner
			Carl Safina, Never Mind Theory
		Assignment for Writing an Analysis of an Argument
	Chapter 6 Developing an Argument of Your Own
		Planning an Argument
			Getting Ideas: Argument as an Instrument of Inquiry
			Three Brainstorming Strategies: Freewriting, Listing, and Diagramming
			Revision as Invention
			Asking Questions with Stasis Theory
			The Thesis or Main Point
			Imagining an Audience
			Addressing Opposition and Establishing Common Ground
		Drafting and Revising an Argument
			The Title
			The Opening Paragraphs
			Organizing the Body of the Essay
			The Ending
			Uses of an Outline
			Tone and the Writer’s Persona
			We, One, or I?
			Avoiding Sexist Language
		Peer Review
		A Student’s Essay, from Rough Notes to Final Version
			Emily Andrews, Why I Don’t Spare “Spare Change” (student essay)
		Assignment for Developing an Argument of your Own
	Chapter 7 Using Sources
		Why Use Sources?
			Entering a Discourse
			Understanding Information Literacy
		Choosing a Topic
		Finding Sources
			Finding Quality Information Online
			Finding Articles Using Library Databases
			Locating Books
		Evaluating Sources
			Scholarly, Popular, and Trade Sources
			Evaluating Online Sources
			Why Finding Reliable Internet Sources is So Challenging
			A Word on “Fake News”
			Native Advertising and Branded Content
			Considering How Current Sources Are
		Performing Your Own Primary Research
			Interviewing Peers and Local Authorities
			Conducting Observations
			Conducting Surveys
			Research in Archives and Special Collections
		Synthesizing Sources
		Taking Notes
		A Note on Plagiarizing
		Compiling an Annotated Bibliography
		Quoting from Sources
		Documentation
			A Note on Footnotes (and Endnotes)
		MLA Format: Citations within the Text
		MLA Format: The List of Works Cited
		APA Format: Citations within the Text
		APA Format: The List of References
		An Annotated Student Research Paper in MLA Format
			Lesley Timmerman, An Argument for Corporate Responsibility (student essay)
		An Annotated Student Research Paper in APA Format
			Hannah Smith Brooks, Does Ability Determine Expertise? (student essay)
		Assignments for Using Sources
Part Three Further Views on Argument
	Chapter 8 A Philosopher’s View: The Toulmin Model
		Components of the Toulmin Model
			The Claim
			Grounds
			Warrants
			Backing
			Modal Qualifiers
			Rebuttals
		Putting the Toulmin Method to Work: Responding to an Argument
			James E. McWilliams, The Locavore Myth: Why Buying from Nearby Farmers Won’t Save the Planet
		Thinking with the Toulmin Method
	Chapter 9 A Logician’s View: Deduction, Induction, and Fallacies
		Using Formal Logic for Critical Thinking
		Deduction
			Examples of Deduction
		Induction
			Observation and Inference
			Probability
			Mill’s Methods
		Fallacies
			Fallacies of Ambiguity
			Fallacies of Presumption
			Fallacies of Irrelevance
			Additional Fallacies
			Max Shulman, Love Is a Fallacy
	Chapter 10 A Psychologist’s View: Rogerian Argument
		Rogerian Argument: An Introduction
			Carl R. Rogers, Communication: Its Blocking and Its Facilitation
			Edward O. Wilson, Letter to a Southern Baptist Minister
	Chapter 11 A Literary Critic’s View: Arguing about Literature
		Interpreting
		Judging (or Evaluating)
		Theorizing
		Examples: Two Students Interpret Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”
			Robert Frost, Mending Wall
			Jonathan Deutsch, The Deluded Speaker in Frost’s “Mending Wall“ (student essay)
			Felicia Alonso, The Debate in Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall” (student essay)
		Reading a Poem and a Story
			Richard Blanco, One Today
			Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
		Thinking about the Effects of Literature
			Plato, The Greater Part of the Stories Current Today We Shall Have to Reject
	Chapter 12 A Debater’s View: Oral Presentations and Debate
		Oral Presentations
			Methods of Delivery
			Audience
			Delivery
			Content
		Formal Debates
			Standard Debate Format
Part Four Casebooks
	Chapter 13 A College Education: What Is Its Purpose?
		Andrew Delbanco, 3 Reasons College Still Matters
		Carlo Rotella, No, It Doesn’t Matter What You Majored In
		Edward Conard, We Don’t Need More Humanities Majors
		Christian Madsbjerg and Mikkel B. Rasmussen, We Need More Humanities Majors
		Caroline Harper, HBCUs, Black Women, and STEM Success
	Chapter 14 What Is the Ideal Society?
		Thomas More, From Utopia
		Niccolò Machiavelli, From The Prince
		Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence
		Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
		Martin Luther King Jr., I Have a Dream
		W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
		Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
		Walt Whitman, One Song, America, Before I Go
		Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Text Credits
Index of Authors, Titles, and Terms
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover