Covid-19 Metabolomics and Diagnosis: Volume 2

Contents
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Spectromicroscopy Studies for Diagnosis of Covid-19 Infection
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy and Spectromicroscopy
	3 FTIR for COVID-19 Studies
	4 Summary
	References
Point-of-Care Devices with Electrochemical Detection for COVID-19 Diagnosis
	1 Point-of-Care Devices
	2 Electrochemical Devices for SARS-CoV-2
	3 Point-of-Care Electrochemical Devices for SARS-CoV-2 Detection
	4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infections
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Nanomaterials: Types and Classification
		2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
		2.2 Graphene
	3 Carbon Nanomaterials in Sensing
	4 COVID-19
		4.1 CNMS for SARS-Cov-2 Antigen Detection
		4.2 Field Effect Transistors
	5 Conclusion
	References
Use of Metallic Nanostructures in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrochemical Determination of SARS-CoV-2 with Metallic Nanostructures
	3 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
3D Printing for Virus Diagnosis
	1 Viral Disease and Pandemics: A Brief Contextualization
	2 3D Printing Technology
	3 3D Printed as a New Tool in the Combat of Viral Diseases
		3.1 3D Printed Accessories
		3.2 3D Printing of Nasopharyngeal Swabs
		3.3 RT-PCR
		3.4 ELISA
	4 Electrochemical 3D Printed Biosensors
		4.1 Immunosensors
		4.2 Genosensor
		4.3 Aptasensor
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Post-COVID-19 Metabolomics: Pursuing the Sequels of a Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 Biochemistry of COVID-19 Infection
		2.1 Viral Entry and Replication
		2.2 Physiopathology and Disease Progression
		2.3 COVID-19 Infection Outside of Lungs
	3 Post COVID-19 Syndrome
		3.1 Post Severe COVID-19 Syndrome
		3.2 Post-Mild COVID-19 Syndrome
		3.3 Occurrence and Distribution of Symptoms Across Age, Race, and Sex
	4 Metabolic Changes During and Post COVID-19 Infection
		4.1 Plasma Metabolome Changes During COVID-19
		4.2 Persistent Metabolic Changes in Post COVID-19 Syndrome
	References
Metabolic Behavior of Covid-19 Infection Severity
	1 Introduction
	2 SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What You Need to Know
	3 Covid-19 Severity-Related Factors
	4 “Omic” Signature: An Analytical Perspective of Severity Markers
	5 Conclusion
	References
“Pandemics-on-a-Chip”: Organ-on-a-Chip Models for Studying Viral Infections
	1 Introduction
	2 Organ-on-Chip in the Pandemic Scenario
		2.1 Microbiological Challenges for Viral Disease Research in OoC
		2.2 Biofabrication of Organs-on-a-Chip for Viral Disease
	3 The Study of Viral Infectious Diseases Using Organ-on-a-Chip
		3.1 Gut-on-a-Chip
		3.2 Lung-on-a-Chip
		3.3 Kidney-on-a-Chip
		3.4 Liver-on-a-Chip
	4 Analytical Techniques Applied in Organ-on-a-Chip Models
		4.1 Detection Methods Adapted to OoC
		4.2 Methods Applied to Viruses Studies on OoC
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References