Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
Aim of this Volume......Page 12
Part 1: Coping with exclusion: Being excluded for who you are......Page 13
Part 2: Coping with exclusion: Being excluded for what you think and do......Page 16
Part 3: Coping with inclusion.......Page 18
References......Page 20
Part I Coping With Exclusion: Being Excluded For Who You Are......Page 21
1 On Being the Target of Prejudice: Educational Implications......Page 23
How Prejudice Affects Targets: A Model......Page 25
Threatening Environments......Page 29
Mediating Mechanisms......Page 30
Arousal......Page 31
Cognitive Disruption......Page 32
Motivational Mechanisms......Page 33
Individual Differences......Page 34
Individual Differences in Context......Page 36
Disengagement and Disidentification......Page 37
Rejection Sensitivity, Self-Knowledge, and Self-Efficacy......Page 39
Remediation of Threat: Societal Adjustments......Page 41
Conclusion......Page 42
References......Page 43
Introduction......Page 48
The Social Division of Labor and Modern Forms of Recognition......Page 49
Public and Private Spheres and the Gender Norm......Page 51
Gender Difference and Gender Hierarchy......Page 53
Experimental illustrations......Page 54
Study 1......Page 55
Study 2......Page 57
Discussion......Page 59
References......Page 61
3 Managing the Message: Using Social Influence and Attitude Change Strategies to Confront Interpersonal Discrimination......Page 65
Overview......Page 66
Message Characteristics and Effects on Others......Page 67
Changing Attitudes, Beliefs, and/or Behaviors......Page 68
Changing Thoughts......Page 69
Changing Emotions......Page 71
Altering Social Norms......Page 72
Descriptive Norms......Page 73
Source and Message Characteristics: Managing Impressions of The Source of Confrontation......Page 74
Impressions of Confronters......Page 75
The Effect of Directness of Confronters on Impressions......Page 76
The Effect of Self-Presentation Strategies on Impressions......Page 79
Effects of Type of Confrontation on Attitude and Behavioral Change......Page 81
Power and Choosing Ones Audience......Page 83
Toward a More Comprehensive Theory of Confronting......Page 84
Conclusion......Page 87
References......Page 88
A Dialogue Between Chomsky and Foucault......Page 92
Representation of The Social Domain in Full Flux......Page 93
Active Minorities and Victimized Minorities......Page 98
Studies on the Political and Ethical Relations Between Majority and Minority......Page 99
Overt Culpability and Latent Representation......Page 102
Culpability as a Mediator of Overt Attitudes......Page 103
The Majority's mea culpa: Reconciliation with the Minority? or Act of Purification of Its Own Memory?......Page 105
Conclusion......Page 111
References......Page 112
5 Marginalization Through Social Ostracism: Effects of Being Ignored and Excluded......Page 114
Paradigms......Page 115
Chat Rooms......Page 116
Reflexive Reactions to Ostracism: Uniformly Painful......Page 117
No Moderation for Situational Factors......Page 119
Belonging......Page 121
Control......Page 122
Meaningful Existence......Page 123
Reflective Reactions to Ostracism: Fortification of Thwarted Needs......Page 124
ProSocial or AntiSocial Responses?......Page 125
Ostracism and Marginalization......Page 126
Conclusion......Page 127
The Functionality of Fortifying Needs......Page 128
References......Page 129
Part 2 Coping With Exclusion: Being Excluded For What You Think and Do......Page 133
Delinquency and The Social Order......Page 135
Negative Group Influence......Page 136
Inadequate Socialization......Page 137
Labeling Theory......Page 138
Moral Norms: Relative or Absolute?......Page 139
Suppressing Deviance: The Common-Sense View......Page 142
Labeling Actors......Page 143
Reputations and Moral Labeling......Page 145
Joining The Delinquent Minority......Page 149
Escaping from The Vicious Cycle......Page 154
Conclusions......Page 157
References......Page 158
7 Minority-Group Identification: Responses to Discrimination When Group Membership Is Controllable......Page 165
Self-selected Group Memberships......Page 167
When Membership in a Devalued Group is Controllable......Page 169
Why People Identify with Groups that are Devalued......Page 171
Intergroup Differentiation Underlying Identification with a Devalued Group......Page 174
Intragroup Processes Underlying identification with a Devalued Group......Page 176
The Nature of Identification with Devalued Groups When Membership is Controllable......Page 177
Politicized Identities: Drawing Attention to Differences to Increase Acceptance......Page 178
Rebel Identities: When being Different is a Group's Raison D'etre......Page 179
Identities as Resource: Minority Identification as a Buffer Against Discrimination......Page 180
Concluding Comments......Page 182
References......Page 184
Smokers as a Stigmatized Group......Page 187
Experts' Influence and Persuasive Constraint......Page 190
Identity Threat and Resistance to The Influence of Expert Sources......Page 193
Smokers' Reactions to Threatening Social Comparisons......Page 198
Self-Esteem Resources and Image of The Smoker......Page 203
Conclusion......Page 206
References......Page 208
9 Terrorism as a Tactic of Minority Influence......Page 212
Actions versus Beliefs......Page 213
Terrorisms Equalizing Potential......Page 215
Terrorism as a Form of Innovation......Page 217
Terrorisms Conditions of Efficacy......Page 218
Bottom-up Effects: The Pyramid Model......Page 220
Top-down Effects......Page 221
Subjective Rationality of Terrorism......Page 222
Unfreezing (Kruglanski, 2004)......Page 223
Defeating the Majority......Page 224
The Morality of Terrorism......Page 225
How Efficient is Terrorism as a Form of Minority Influence?......Page 226
Epilogue......Page 228
References......Page 229
10 The Stigma of Racist Activism......Page 232
A Study of Organized Racists......Page 234
Racist Groups and Their Enemies......Page 235
Individual Perceptions of Stigma......Page 237
Stigmatizing Agents......Page 241
Responses to Stigma......Page 243
Conclusion......Page 248
Notes......Page 249
References......Page 250
11 Why Groups Fall Apart: A Social Psychological Model of the Schismatic Process......Page 253
Background......Page 254
Findings......Page 255
Applying the Model to the Church of England's Schism......Page 257
Methods and Analytic Procedure......Page 258
First Wave of Interviews (Preordination)......Page 259
Second Wave of Interviews (PostOrdination)......Page 260
Discussion......Page 261
Methods and Analytic Procedure......Page 262
Findings......Page 263
Extending the Model Through a Further Church of England Study......Page 265
The Extended Model......Page 266
Method......Page 267
Analytic Procedures and Findings......Page 268
General Discussion......Page 270
References......Page 274
Part 3 Coping With Inclusion......Page 277
The Identity Threats of Assimilation......Page 279
Assimilation Pressures Lead to Intergroup Conflict and Weaken Ties with the Superordinate Category......Page 283
Assimilation Pressures have Negative Psychological Consequences for Minority Group Members......Page 287
Assimilation Pressures Lead to the Use of Identity-management Strategies that Accentuate Disadvantage......Page 291
Does Assimilation Foster Social Inclusion?......Page 294
References......Page 297
13 Prominority Policies and Cultural Change: A Dilemma for Minorities......Page 303
Social Minorities in the Second Phase: Is Differentiation Still the Winning Strategy?......Page 304
"Hard" Versus "Soft" Affirmative Action (AA) Programs......Page 306
1. Effects of AA on Psychological Costs for Direct Beneficiaries......Page 307
2. Effects of AA on Attitudes of Others toward Individual Beneficiaries......Page 309
3. Effects of AA on the Attitudes of Others toward the Minority Group as a Whole......Page 311
Language Reforms: Visibility or Inclusion?......Page 312
CAVEAT......Page 314
Conclusion......Page 315
References......Page 317
14 Influence without Credit: How Successful Minorities Respond to Social Cryptomnesia......Page 321
Minority Influence and Social Credit......Page 322
Minorities As Sources of Innovation......Page 323
Four Stages of Minority Influence … and A Fifth......Page 324
Social Cryptomnesia and Message-Source Dissociation......Page 325
Minority Reactions to Social Cryptomnesia......Page 327
An Initial Study of Minority Reaction to Social Cryptomnesia......Page 328
Experimental Procedures......Page 329
Attitudinal Homogeneity......Page 331
Resistance to Majority Influence......Page 332
Cynical Use of Social Cryptomnesia......Page 334
Ironic Consequences of Social Cryptomnesia......Page 335
References......Page 337
15 Influence and Its Aftermath: Motives for Agreement Among Minorities and Majorities......Page 343
Successful Minority Influence: The Gain-Loss Asymmetry Model of Change in Minority and Majority Positions......Page 344
The Complex World of Minority Desires: Motives For Becoming Majority......Page 348
Social Validation (Correctness......Page 349
Social Control (Instrumentality)......Page 350
A Motivational Analysis of the Minority Influence Paradox......Page 351
Structural Foundation of the Motivation to Influence......Page 356
References......Page 360
Index......Page 365