Consulting Hematology and Oncology Handbook (Jan 11, 2025)_(3031758099)_(Springer)

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Malignant Hematology
	Chapter 1: What Should We Quickly Know About Hemopoietic Malignancies?
		Acute Leukemia
			Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
				Definitions
				Classification
				Etiology
					Germline Predisposition
					Aging Associated Risk
					Drug-Induced Genotoxic Effect
				Clinical Context
				Laboratory Investigation
			Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
				Definitions
				Classification
				Etiology
					Germline Predisposition
					Chromosomic Abnormalities
				Clinical Context
				Laboratory Investigation
		What Are the Basic Principles for Initial Evaluation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms?
			Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
				Definitions
				Clinical Context
				Risk Stratification
					Risk of TKIs Toxicity
				Laboratory Investigation
			Useful Tools
		References
	Chapter 2: Acute Myeloid Leukemia Risk Stratification
		Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Risk Stratification
			Case Demonstration
				Definitions
				Clinical Context
				Laboratory Investigation
			Useful Tools
				European LeukemiaNet (ELN) Risk Stratification of Adult AML
					AML Relapse Risk
		References
	Chapter 3: How to Diagnose Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
		Clinical Manifestations
		Tests to Establish a Diagnosis
		Genetic Analyses
		Morphology
		Additional Tests or Procedures at Diagnosis
		Differential Diagnoses to Consider
		References
	Chapter 4: Preparing Your Patient for Chemotherapy
		Leukostasis
			Case Demonstration
				Definitions
					Leukostasis
					Clinical Context
				Laboratory Investigation
				Other Investigation
				Management
		Case Demonstration (Continued)
			Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
				Definition
				Clinical Context
				Laboratory Investigation
				Management
					Supportive Care
					Caveats
		Case Demonstration (Continued)
			Neutropenic Fever
				Definition
				Clinical Context
					Important Timelines After Chemotherapy Exposure
				Laboratory Investigation
				Other Diagnostic Tools
					Caveats
		Tumor Lysis Syndrome
			Case Demonstration
				Definition
				Clinical Context
				Clinical Manifestations
				Laboratory Investigation
				Risk Stratification
				Management
					Caveats
				Specific Considerations
		References
	Chapter 5: Acute Chemotherapy Administration and Complications
		Management of Adult AML
			Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
				Case Demonstration
				APL Risk Stratification
				Treatment of APL
				Low-Risk Induction
				High-Risk Induction
				Caveats
				Management of DS
				Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Monitoring after Induction
				Consolidation
				Management After Consolidation
		Management of Non-APL Acute Myeloid Leukemia
			Case Demonstration
				Hyperleukocytosis in Newly Diagnosed AML
					Leukapheresis
						Caveats
					Hydroxyurea (HU)
					Cytarabine Infusion
						Caveats
			Pretreatment Evaluation
			“7 + 3” Induction Therapy for Medically Fit Patients
			Acute Chemotherapy Complications
			Additional Therapies to Backbone 7 + 3
				Liposomal Daunorubicin Plus Cytarabine
			Treatment Options for Medically Unfit Patients
			Case Demonstration
				Low-Intensity Therapy Options
					Hypomethylating Agents (Monotherapy)
						Caveats
					BCL-2 Inhibitor Combination Therapies
						Caveats
					Targeted Therapies
					Relapsed/Refractory Disease
		References
	Chapter 6: Acute Differentiation Syndrome
		Case 1
			Acute APL Differentiation Syndrome (DS)
				Definition
				Pathogenesis
				Incidence and Timing of Onset
				Clinical Manifestations
				Grading of DS
				Laboratory and Radiologic Investigation
		Case 1 Continued
			Pulmonary Manifestations of Acute DS
			Cardiovascular Manifestations of Acute DS
			Management
				Steroids
				Interruption in ATRA or ATO Therapy
				Cytoreductive Strategies
				Hydroxyurea
				Chemotherapy
				Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
			DS Prophylaxis
			Caveats
				Predictors of DS
		Case 2
			Targeted Therapy-Associated DS
			Clinical Manifestations
			Management
		References
	Chapter 7: Cardiovascular Complications After Chemotherapy and Targeted Agents
		Case 1
			Definition
			Pathogenesis
			Investigation in Patients with Suspected Impaired Heart Failure
			Additional Investigation in Patients with Suspected Impaired EF
		Case 1 Cont’d
			Clinical Context
				Dexrazoxane Dosing
		Case 2
			Cardiovascular Side Effects Initiated by TKI
			Patient Management
			Risk Factors
			Management
		References
	Chapter 8: Neutropenic Sepsis: Antibiotic Prophylaxis
		Case Demonstration Part 1
			Clinical Context
			Neutrophils and the Immune System
			Definitions of Neutropenia
			Etiologies of Neutropenia
			Neutropenic Fever
			Risk of Febrile Neutropenia Development
			Environmental Considerations in Reducing Opportunistic Infection in Neutropenic Hosts
		Case 1 (Continued)
			Clinical Context
			Febrile Neutropenia Evaluation/Investigation
			Risk Calculations
			Prophylaxis for Febrile Neutropenia
				Antibacterial Prophylaxis
					Recommendations
				Antifungal Prophylaxis
					Recommendations
			Additional Microorganism to Consider
				Antiviral Prophylaxis
		Treatment of Neutropenic Fever
			Case 1 (Continued)
				Clinical Context
				Empiric Antibiotic Treatment
			Case 1 (Continued)
				Clinical Context
				Persistent Fevers in Neutropenic Patient
				Caveats
				Antifungal Treatment
				Antiviral Treatment
				Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
		References
	Chapter 9: Diagnosis and Management of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
		Case Demonstration
			Definition
			Clinical Context
			Investigation/Workup
				Morphology
				Immunophenotyping
				Cytogenetics/FISH
				Others
				Next-Generation Sequencing [1]
			Classification: DLBCL NOS
				Cell of Origin
				Molecular (Fig. 9.2)
				Genetic
			Prognostic Index
			Pretreatment Evaluation
			Laboratory Studies
			Other
			CNS Prophylaxis
			Management (Fig. 9.3)
			Upfront Therapy
				Limited Stage DLBCL
				Advanced Stage DLBCL
					Standard NOS DLBCL
			Double Expressor Lymphoma
			High Grade Lymphoma with MYC, BCL-2, BCL-6 Rearrangements (Double Hit/Triple Hit)
			Relapsed/Refractory Disease
			Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy
			Agents Available for Relapsed/Refractory Disease
				Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
				Small Molecules
				BiTEs (Bispecific Antibodies)
			Specific Considerations
			Useful Tools
		References
	Chapter 10: Supportive Care for Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies
		Case Demonstration
		Definition [1–4]
		Clinical Context [1, 2, 4, 5]
			Etiology
				Pathophysiology
				Risk Factors
		Clinical Manifestation [1–4, 6]
		Assessment [1, 2, 5, 6]
			Laboratory Investigation [1, 2, 6]
		Management [2–6]
		Specific Considerations [3, 5, 6]
			Useful Tools
		References
	Chapter 11: Plasma Cell Disorders
		Case 1 Demonstration
			Definitions
			Clinical Context
			Clinical Manifestations
		Case 1 (Cont)
			Tests to Establish Diagnosis
				Identification of Bone Lesions
			Risk Stratification
				High Risk Disease
				Standard Risk Myeloma
		Case (Cont)
			Treatment
				Supportive Care
		Case 1 (Cont)
		Case 2 Demonstration
			Definitions
			Testing
			Follow-Up
		Case 3 Demonstration
			Definitions
			Diagnostic Testing
			Treatment
			Useful Tools
				How to Read SPEP/UPEP [50]
		References
Part II: Benign Hematology
	Chapter 12: Primer to Bleeding Disorders
		Case
			Clinical Context
				Table 12.1 Approach to the clinical history and physical exam
				Malignancy Associated
				Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome
				Alcohol Use Disorder
				Liver Disease
				Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
				Hypothyroidism
			Clinical Manifestations
			Laboratory Investigation
				Tests to Assess Secondary Hemostasis
					Coagulation studies, PT, APTT
						Fig. 12.1 The clotting cascade responsible for secondary hemostasis
						Table 12.2 Interpretation of prolonged coagulation studies
						Table 12.3 Types of Hemophilia [22–24]
						Fig. 12.2 Diagram representation of VWD subtypes and differences in quantitative/qualitativedefects
						Table 12.4 Types of von Willebrand disease and their features [25–27]
					Thrombin and Reptilase Time
						Table 12.5 Disorders of fibrinogen [19, 20]
					Mixing Studies
						Table 12.6 Rare inherited bleeding disorders [28]
						Table 12.7 Interpretation of aggregometry in platelet disorders
						Table 12.8 Platelet disorders
						Table 12.9 Disorders of hyperfibrinolysis
					The Bethesda Assay
					Specific Clotting Factor Assays
				Tests to Assess Primary Hemostasis
				Management
				Fig. 12.3 Formation of the fibrin degradation product, D-dimer
				Management of VWD
					Table 12.11 Treatment modalities for VWD and aVWS
					DDAVP
					VWF Concentrates
					Other Agents
				Treatment of Hemophilia
					Table 12.12 Summary of FVIII replacement products for hemophilia A
					Table 12.13 Summary of FIX replacement products for hemophilia B
					Table 12.14 Recommendations for factor replacement in hemophilia patients
					Table 12.15 Bypassing agents and their clinical applications
				Treatment of Acquired and Congenital Platelet Disorders
				Treatment of Acquired and Congenital Fibrinogen Disorders
					Table 12.16 Fibrinogen replacement therapy [57]
			Useful Tools
		References
	Chapter 13: Interpretation of Blood Clotting Studies
		Case Demonstration
			Definitions
				Fig. 13.1 Coagulation pathways. FVa activated factor V, FVIIIa activated factor VIII, PL phospholipid,TF tissue factor
			Clinical Context
			Complete Correction in a Mixing Study
			Uncorrected Results
				Fig. 13.2 Possible etiologies for an uncorrected mixing study. DOACs direct oral anticoagulants,PT prothrombin time, aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time, WRR within reference range
				Fig. 13.3 Algorithm for evaluation of abnormal coagulation test and interpretation of mixing studies.DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; FII: factor II; FV: factor V; FVII: factor VII;FVIII: factor VIII; FIX: factor IX; FX: factor X; FXI: factor XI; PT: prothrombin time; aPTT:activated partial thromboplastin time; RT: reptilase time; TT: thrombin time; vWD: von Willebranddisease
			Special Considerations
		Case Demonstration, Continued
			Achieving Hemostasis in Active, Clinically Significant Bleeding
				First-line treatment options include the following:
			Inhibitor Eradication
			Monitoring
		References
	Chapter 14: Venous Thromboembolism
		Case Demonstration 1
			Definitions
			Clinical Context
			Clinical Manifestations
			Laboratory and Radiologic Investigation
			Management of Provoked DVT
				Table 14.1 Anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism (VTE) [5, 6]
			Caveats
		Case Demonstration 2
			Definitions [7]
			Clinical Context
				Fig. 14.1 First VTE diagnosis approach.
			Laboratory Investigation
				Table 14.2 Venousthrombophilia screening
		Case Demonstration 2 (Continued)
			Definitions
			Clinical Manifestations
				Fig. 14.2 Diagnosis and treatment of PE.
			Diagnosis
			Laboratory Investigation
				Management of PE [4]
				Submassive PE
			Useful Tools
				Table 14.3 The PulmonaryEmbolism Severity Index(PESI) and simplified PESI
		References
	Chapter 15: Consultation for Thrombocytopenia
		Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
			Case Presentation
				Definition
				Clinical Context
					Table 15.1 TMA syndromes and systemic disorders
				Clinical Manifestations
					Fig. 15.1 Diagnostic and initial treatment for TTP. *While awaiting ADAMTS13 activity, startplasma exchange. Treatment can be changed once results are obtained. **In settings without reasonableaccess to ADAMTS13 activity testing, the use of caplacizumab is not recommended,regardless of the pretest probability of TTP
					Fig. 15.2 Pathophysiology of acquired TTP. In biologic normal condition, very large vWF multimersare cleaved by ADAMTS13 to avoid pathologic platelet aggregability. ADAMTS13 depletionresults in uncleaved large vWF allowing widespread platelet aggregability and adhesion
				Laboratory Investigations
					Table 15.2 Laboratoryinvestigations in TTP
				Management
					Table 15.3 TTP treatment paradigm [2, 6]
					Table 15.4 Plasmic Diagnostic Score
					Fig. 15.3 TTP treatment algorithm. *While awaiting ADAMTS13 activity, start plasma exchange.Treatment can be changed once results are obtained. **In settings without reasonable access toADAMTS13 activity testing, the use of caplacizumab is not recommended, regardless of the pretestprobability of TTP
				Monitoring
				Specific Considerations
				Useful Tools
		Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
			Case
				Definition
				Fig. 15.4 Pathophysiology of HIT. Auto-antibody IGG against platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparincomplex avidly bind platelets and monocytes inducing activation. Platelet aggregability and procoagulantparticle release leads to thrombosis
				Table 15.5 Characteristics of type I and type II HIT
				Table 15.6 HIT variants
				Clinical Context
					Fig. 15.5 Diagnostic and initial treatment for HIT
					Table 15.7 4Ts score for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
				Clinical Manifestations
					Table 15.7 4Ts score for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
				Laboratory Investigations
				Management
				Special Considerations
				Other Tools
		Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura
			Case
				Definition
				Table 15.10 Common causes of thrombocytopenia
				Table 15.11 Clinical manifestations of ITP
				Clinical Context
				Clinical Manifestations
				Laboratory Investigations
				Management
					Fig. 15.7 Initial treatment for ITP
					Table 15.12 First-line therapies [29, 30]
					Fig. 15.8 Urgenttreatment for ITP
					Fig. 15.9 Second line treatment options for ITP
					Table 15.13 Second-line therapies for ITP [29]
				Special Considerations
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
			Case
				Definition
				Clinical Context
				Clinical Manifestations
					Table 15.14 Clinical manifestations of DIC
				Table 15.14 Clinical manifestations of DIC
				Laboratory Investigations
					Table 15.15 Laboratory abnormalities in acute and chronic DIC
				Management
					Table 15.16 Blood products administered as supportive care in DIC
					Table 15.17 Algorithm for diagnosis of DIC
				Useful Tools
					Table 15.17 Algorithm for diagnosis of DIC
		References
	Chapter 16: Erythrocytosis
		Case Demonstration
			Definitions
				Fig. 16.1 The regulation pathway of erythropoiesis
				Fig. 16.2 Classification of erythrocytosis.
			Clinical Context and Manifestations
			Laboratory Investigation
				Initial
				Table 16.1 2016 World Health Organization criteria for Polycythemia vera [6]
				Fig. 16.3 Diagnosis approach of erythrocytosis.
			Management
				Fig. 16.4 Treatment PV.
				Fig. 16.5 Treatment approach for JAK2 unmutated erythrocytosis.
			Specific Considerations
		References
	Chapter 17: Anemia
		Case
			Clinical Context
				Low MCV < 80 fL
				Normal MCV (80–100) fL
					Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
					Congenital Hemolytic Anemias
				High MCV > 100 fL
				Table 17.6 Laboratory signs of hemolysis (not including peripheral blood smear)
			Clinical Manifestations
			Laboratory Investigation
				Table 17.9 Mean corpuscular volume
				Table 17.10 Peripheral blood smear and anemia
				Table 17.11 Special laboratory tests may help to identify anemia subtypes
			Management
				Table 17.12 Treatment of B12 and folate deficiencies [30]
				Table 17.13 Oral iron preparations
				Table 17.14 Parental iron preparations
				Table 17.15 Treatment of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
				Table 17.16 Treatment of cold agglutinin disease
				Fig. 17.4 Treatment options for PNH
			Fig. 17.3 Antiglobulin (Coombs) test [13]
			Special Considerations
			Useful Tools
		References
	Chapter 18: Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
		Case 1 (Hypercellular MDS)
			Definition of Bone Marrow Failure
			Fig. 18.1 Myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts and single lineage dysplasi
			Clinical Evaluation of Bone Marrow Failure
				Table 18.1 Diagnosticevaluation of suspected bonemarrow failure
			Acquired Causes of Bone Marrow Failure
				Myelodysplastic Syndrome
					Definition
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
						Fig. 18.4 Management of higher-risk MDS. HCT hematopoietic stem cell transplant, MDSmyelodysplastic syndrome. aHigher-risk defined as intermediate, high or very-high-riskMDS. bHMA includes azacitidine or decitabine or oral decitabine and cedazuridine
		Case 2 (Hypocellular MDS)
			Aplastic Anemia
				Definition
				Table 18.3 Aplastic anemia vs. hypoplastic MDS
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Fig. 18.5 Management of severe aplastic anemia
		Case 3
			Inherited Causes of Bone Marrow Failure
				Fanconi Anemia
				Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
				Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
				Dyskeratosis Congenita
				Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
				Severe Congenital Neutropenia
			Important Tools
		References
	Chapter 19: Sickle Cell Disease
		Case
			Clinical Context
			Clinical Manifestations
			Laboratory Investigation
			Management
				Management of Acute Pain Crisis
				Transfusion Therapy
				Chronic Management of SCA
				Prophylaxis
			Specific Considerations
				Stroke
				Retinopathy
				Acute Chest Syndrome
				Pulmonary Hypertension
				Hepatic Crisis
				Cholelithiasis
				Autosplenectomy
				Splenic Sequestration
				Renal Disease
				Aplastic Crisis
				Priapism
				Sickle Ulcers
			Useful Tools
		References
	Chapter 20: Transfusion Medicine Consultation
		General Principles in Transfusion Medicine
		ABO Blood Group
			Fig. 20.1 ABO blood types
		Rh Blood Group System
		Testing Prior to Transfusion
			Fig. 20.2 Forward typing
			Fig. 20.3 Reverse typing
		Transfusion of Blood Components
			RBCs (RBCs)
			Platelets
			Plasma Products
		Case Demonstration Part 1
			Clinical Context
			Laboratory Investigation
		Case Demonstration Part 2
			Clinical Context
				Fig. 20.4 Pathophysiology of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
			Laboratory Investigation
		Case Demonstration Part 3
			Part 3 Discussion
				Fig. 20.5 Pathophysiology of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions
			Laboratory Investigation
			Treatment
		Case Demonstration Part 4
			Transfusion Reactions
			Table 20.2 Blood transfusion complications
			Part 4 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 21: Hematologic Consultation During Pregnancy
		Pregnancy Considerations
			Anemia During Pregnancy
				Case
					Clinical Context
					Clinical Manifestations
					Laboratory Investigations
					Management
				Specific Considerations
			Thrombocytopenia During Pregnancy
				Case
					Clinical Context
					Etiologies of Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy
						Clinical Manifestations
						Management
					Specific Considerations
			VTE in Pregnancy
				Case
					Clinical Context
					Clinical Manifestations
					Laboratory Investigations
					Management
					Specific Considerations
		References
Index