Computers, People, And Thought: From Data Mining To Evolutionary Robotics

What This Book Is (Not) About......Page 5
What This Book Is About......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
1.1 Computers, People, and Thought......Page 14
1.2 In the Beginning.........Page 15
1.4 Amazing Technologies (What Has Changed)......Page 17
1.6 The Accelerating Pace of AI Developments: A Case for Restraint?......Page 18
1.7 Recent Book Publications in the Area of Advanced AI Systems and Future Technological ``Progress´´......Page 19
1.8 ``Thinking Machines´´ Revisited......Page 21
1.9 Questions, Answers, and Goals: The Focus of This Book......Page 22
1.9.3 Main Focus of Algorithms in This Book......Page 24
1.10 Recap: Overall Book Layout, and Intended Audience......Page 25
Part I: The Components......Page 27
2.1 Introduction to Computers and Computation......Page 28
2.1.1 Computer Power as the Epitome of Modern Technological Progress......Page 29
2.1.3 Relays, Vacuum Tubes, and Transistors as Switches......Page 30
2.2.1.1 Numbers......Page 31
2.2.1.2 Letters and Other Symbols......Page 34
2.2.1.3 Pictures and Sound: Real-World Data......Page 36
2.3.2 Arithmetic and Logical Operations......Page 37
2.3.3 Binary Addition......Page 40
2.3.4 Karnaugh Maps......Page 41
2.3.5 Multi-bit Addition......Page 43
2.3.6 Subtractors and Multipliers......Page 44
2.3.7 Decoders and Multiplexers......Page 46
2.3.8 Gates: Open and Closed......Page 47
2.3.10 Multi-bit General Computation......Page 48
2.4 Memory......Page 50
2.6 Reasons for the Power of Modern Computers......Page 51
2.8 Ternary Computation......Page 52
2.8.2 Another Example.........Page 53
2.8.4 Logical Operations......Page 54
2.9.1 Details of the Ternary ALU Construction......Page 55
2.9.2 Ternary Processing......Page 57
2.9.4 Balanced Ternary Addition......Page 58
2.9.5 Some Practical Details......Page 61
2.10.1 Introduction to the Algorithmic State Machine Charting Methodology......Page 62
2.10.3 Binary State Machine Design: A Machine with Input......Page 63
2.11 Moving on......Page 66
3.1 Where Do We Come from: Human Evolution......Page 68
3.3 The Games People Play......Page 70
4.1 ``Pure´´ Thought......Page 74
4.2 Thought as the Shaper of Reality Itself......Page 75
Part II: The Synergies......Page 77
5.1.1 Charles Babbage......Page 78
5.1.2 George Boole......Page 79
5.1.4 John von Neumann......Page 80
5.1.6 Alan Turing......Page 81
5.1.7 Claude Shannon......Page 82
5.1.9 Rodney (Rod) Brooks......Page 83
5.2 Asimov´s Laws and Turing´s Test......Page 84
5.3.1 Evolutionary Algorithms......Page 85
5.3.3 Particle Swarm Optimisation......Page 87
5.3.5.1 The Metaheuristic Menagerie......Page 88
5.3.5.3 A Gentle Critique......Page 90
5.4 Embodied Intelligence......Page 91
5.4.1 Humanoid Robots......Page 92
6.1 Human Consciousness......Page 95
6.1.1 Existence of Consciousness in Natural and Artificial Entities......Page 96
6.1.2 Delving Deeper......Page 97
6.1.3 The Conscious Perception of Reality......Page 98
6.2 The Formation of Understanding in the Rhythmic Nature of Reality......Page 99
7.1 Thinking Versus Calculation......Page 101
7.1.3 Outline Taxonomy of AIE Prowess......Page 102
7.1.4 What Is (and What Is Not) AI......Page 103
7.1.5 AI Has Delivered?......Page 104
7.1.6 Machines Need Not Apply......Page 105
7.1.7 Problem: What Problem?......Page 106
7.2.1 Representation......Page 107
7.2.1.1 A River-Crossing Puzzle......Page 108
7.2.1.3 Complexity of the Search Space......Page 109
7.2.1.4 Legal Operators and the State-Space Graph......Page 110
7.3 Search......Page 111
7.3.1 Informed and Uninformed Search Strategies......Page 112
7.3.1.2 Depth-First Search and Breadth-First Search......Page 113
7.3.2 Heuristic Search......Page 115
7.3.2.2 The 15-Puzzle......Page 116
7.3.2.3 A* for Sliding-Piece Puzzles......Page 118
7.3.2.5 Outline Proof of the Admissibility of the A* Algorithm......Page 120
7.4 Data Mining......Page 121
7.4.1 Overview of Data Mining Applications......Page 122
7.5 Game AI......Page 123
7.5.1 What Is Game AI?......Page 124
7.5.2 Pathfinding Using A*......Page 125
7.5.3 Variants of A*......Page 127
7.5.4 Application of IDA* to Forest, Hills, and Lake Map......Page 128
7.6 Search in Two-Person Adversarial Games......Page 129
7.6.1.1 Exhaustive Minimax......Page 130
7.6.1.3 Two-Ply Minimax Applied to Noughts and Crosses......Page 131
7.6.2 The α-β Procedure......Page 134
7.7 Machine Learning......Page 135
7.7.1 Learning Systems......Page 136
7.7.1.2 Lifelong Learning......Page 138
7.7.2.1 Information Theoretic Test Selection......Page 139
7.7.2.2 ID3 Example......Page 140
7.8 Introduction to Neural Computation......Page 145
7.8.1 History of the Development of Artificial Neural Systems......Page 148
7.8.2 Learning in Neural Networks......Page 149
7.8.2.1 Reinforcement Learning......Page 150
7.8.2.3 Unsupervised Learning......Page 151
7.8.4 The McCulloch-Pitts Neuron......Page 152
7.8.5.1 Learning in Perceptrons......Page 154
7.8.5.2 Learning the NOR Function......Page 155
7.8.6 Deep Learning and the Backpropagation Algorithm......Page 156
7.9.1 Reinforcement Learning Example Using Noughts and Crosses......Page 158
7.9.1.1 Fixed-Policy Strategy......Page 159
7.9.1.3 Let´s Play a Game......Page 160
7.9.1.4 Let´s Play Another Game!......Page 162
7.9.1.5 Of Course, the Devil Is in the Detail......Page 163
7.10.1 Genetic Algorithms......Page 165
8.1 Evolutionary Robotics (ER)......Page 167
8.1.1 From the Reality Gap: Into the Uncanny Valley?......Page 168
8.1.2 Fitness Function Design......Page 169
8.2.1 Application of EAs to Ball-Kicking Behaviour......Page 170
8.2.1.2 Tackling the Reality Gap: The Dual-Simulator Approach......Page 171
8.3 Where to from Here?......Page 173
Part III: The Wider Picture......Page 175
9.1 Introduction......Page 176
9.2 A Machine-Centred Orientation Towards Life?......Page 177
9.2.2 Just Because We Can......Page 178
9.3 Humans: Not Their Machines-The Imminent Threat?......Page 179
9.4 Outline Rating of Potential Threats......Page 180
9.4.1 AI Safety Research......Page 181
9.5 Spirituality and Religion in the Age of the Robots......Page 182
9.5.1 Science Versus Religion: Why the Battle?......Page 183
9.5.2 The Japanese Approach to Spirituality......Page 184
9.5.3 Cute Anthropomorphic Robots......Page 185
10.1 The Implications of Advanced Technologies on the Future of Work......Page 186
10.1.1 A Guaranteed Income for All......Page 187
10.1.2 Taxing the Robots......Page 188
10.2.1 Technology in the Classroom......Page 189
10.2.2 Digital Diploma Mills?......Page 190
11.1 Beyond Human Intelligence......Page 192
11.1.1 Types of Superintelligence......Page 193
11.2.1 Luddites and the Neo-Luddite Movement......Page 194
11.2.2 Techno-skeptics and Digital Utopians......Page 195
11.2.3 Beneficial-AI Movement......Page 196
11.3 Possible Future Scenarios......Page 197
12.1 Governing Lethal Behaviour in Autonomous Robots......Page 199
12.1.1 The ``Ethical Governor´´......Page 200
12.2 What Is to Be Done?......Page 201
13.1 A Prequel: Mindless Love of Technology?......Page 203
13.1.1 Smart Power Meters......Page 204
13.2.1 AI ``Gaydar´´: What Next?......Page 205
13.3 The Internet of Things (IoT)......Page 207
13.4 Technology: A Threat to Democracy and Freedom?......Page 208
14.1.1 From AlphaGo to AlphaZero and MuZero: Glimpses into the Future?......Page 210
14.2 The ``Mechanisation´´ of Human Endeavour......Page 212
14.2.1 Perils of Advanced Technologies/Looking to the Future......Page 213
14.3.1 A Code of Ethics for AI?......Page 215
14.3.2 A Modest Proposal......Page 216
14.3.3 On the Adoption/Prohibition of Advanced Potentially Disruptive Technologies: A Provisional Manifesto......Page 217
14.4 Conclusions......Page 218
A.2.1 Case Where x=1......Page 220
A.3 Values of x1 Taking a Fixed Representational Cost of 36......Page 221
A.4 Conclusions......Page 222
B.1 Design of a Two-Trit Balanced Ternary Counter......Page 223
B.2 Ternary State Machine Design: With Input......Page 226
References......Page 228