Compression for Multimedia

Half title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 13
2.1 Analog and digital signals......Page 17
2.1.1 Sampling theorem......Page 20
2.1.2 Historical background......Page 22
2.1.3 Aliasing......Page 23
2.2 Scalar quantization......Page 27
2.2.1 Uniform scalar quantization......Page 29
2.2.2 Nonuniform optimal scalar quantization......Page 30
2.2.3 The Lloyd–Max procedure......Page 34
2.3 Vector quantization......Page 35
2.3.1 Optimal vector quantization with a given size of codebook. The Linde–Buzo–Gray procedure......Page 37
2.3.2 Lattice vector quantizers......Page 40
Problems......Page 52
3.1 Rate-distortion function......Page 54
3.2 The Blahut algorithm......Page 61
3.3 The Shannon lower bound and high-resolution approximations......Page 66
3.4 Comparison of quantization procedures......Page 70
3.5 Characteristics of digital speech, audio, image, and video signals......Page 75
Problems......Page 76
4.1 Discrete-time filters......Page 78
4.1.1 Description by means of recurrent equations......Page 79
4.1.2 Description by means of the z-transform......Page 82
4.1.3 Inverse z-transform......Page 84
4.1.4 Frequency function......Page 87
4.2 Linear predictive coding......Page 90
4.2.1 Autocorrelation method......Page 94
4.2.2 Covariance method......Page 95
4.2.3 Algorithms for the solution of the Yule–Walker equations......Page 97
Problems......Page 101
5 Transform coding......Page 103
5.1 Properties of transforms......Page 104
5.2 The Karhunen–Loeve transform......Page 107
5.3 The discrete Fourier transform......Page 110
5.4 The discrete cosine transform......Page 116
Problems......Page 120
6.1 Linear filtering as a linear transform......Page 122
6.2 ``Moving average\'\' filtering as a linear transform......Page 124
6.3 “Moving difference” filtering as a linear transform......Page 126
6.4 The Haar filter bank......Page 127
6.5 Wavelet transform and wavelet filter bank......Page 133
6.6 Hierarchical wavelet filtering as a linear transform. Properties of wavelet filtering......Page 138
6.8 Application of wavelet filtering to image compression......Page 144
6.9 Embedded zerotree coding and set partitioning in hierarchical trees......Page 147
Problems......Page 150
7 Speech coding: techniques and standards......Page 153
7.1 Direct sample-by-sample quantization: Standard G.711......Page 157
7.2 ADPCM coders: Standards G.726, G.727......Page 159
7.3 Linear prediction analysis-by-synthesis coders (LPC-AS)......Page 164
7.4 LPC vocoders. MELP standard......Page 174
7.5 An algorithm for computing linear spectral parameters......Page 177
Problems......Page 181
8 Image coding standards......Page 183
8.1 Coding of bi-level fax images: JBIG Standard......Page 184
8.2 Coding of halftone images: JPEG Standard......Page 189
8.3 JPEG-LS......Page 198
8.4 Standard JPEG-2000......Page 200
Problems......Page 207
9.1 Motion compensation method......Page 209
9.2 Overview of video-coding standards......Page 212
9.2.1 H.261 and its derivatives......Page 213
9.2.2 MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4......Page 214
9.2.3 Standard H.264......Page 220
Problems......Page 233
10.1 Basics of perceptual coding......Page 235
10.2 Overview of audio standards......Page 239
Problems......Page 248
A.1 Symbol-by-symbol lossless coding......Page 250
A.2 Lossless block coding......Page 253
A.3 Arithmetic coding......Page 255
A.4 Decoding issues......Page 258
A.5 Context lossless coding for sources with memory......Page 261
A.6 QM-coder......Page 263
A.7.2 Golomb code......Page 266
A.7.3 Gallager–vanVoorhis codes......Page 267
A.7.4 Levenstein codes......Page 268
A.8 Binarization......Page 269
A.9 Adaptive coding......Page 270
References......Page 273
Index......Page 277