Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III. Volume 10: X-ray, Neutron, and Electron Scattering Methods in Inorganic Chemistry

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Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III. Volume 10: X-ray, Neutron, and Electron Scattering Methods in Inorganic Chemistry
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Contents of Volume 10
Editor Biographies
Volume Editors
Contributors to Volume 10
Preface
	Vol. 1: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding in Inorganic Molecular Systems
	Vol. 2: Bioinorganic Chemistry and Homogeneous Biomimetic Inorganic Catalysis
	Vol. 3: Theory and Bonding of Inorganic Non-molecular Systems
	Vol. 4: Solid State Inorganic Chemistry
	Vol. 5: Inorganic Materials Chemistry
	Vol. 6: Heterogeneous Inorganic Catalysis
	Vol. 7: Inorganic Electrochemistry
	Vol. 8: Inorganic Photochemistry
	Vol. 9: NMR of Inorganic Nuclei
	Vol. 10: X-ray, Neutron and Electron Scattering Methods in Inorganic Chemistry
10.01. Introduction: X-ray, neutron and electron scattering methods in inorganic chemistry
	Abstract
10.02. Neutron scattering studies of materials for hydrogen storage
	Content
	Abstract
	10.02.1 Hydrogen storage and the global hydrogen energy economy
		10.02.1.1 Hydrogen around the world
		10.02.1.2 Research considerations
		10.02.1.3 Experimental techniques
		10.02.1.4 Overview of remaining sections
	10.02.2 Techniques
		10.02.2.1 The neutron scattering cross section
		10.02.2.2 The Rietveld refinement
		10.02.2.3 Fourier difference maps and alternatives to the Rietveld refinement
		10.02.2.4 Complementary spectroscopic techniques
		10.02.2.5 Inelastic neutron scattering
		10.02.2.6 Quasielastic neutron scattering
		10.02.2.7 Safety and experimental considerations
		10.02.2.8 Outlook
	10.02.3 Metal hydrides
		10.02.3.1 The chemistry of the metal hydrides
		10.02.3.2 Neutron scattering studies of metal hydrides
		10.02.3.3 Outlook
	10.02.4 Complex hydrides
		10.02.4.1 History and nomenclature
		10.02.4.2 Neutron scattering studies of the complex hydrides
		10.02.4.3 Engineering efforts and outlook
	10.02.5 Porous materials
		10.02.5.1 Zeolites and clathrates
		10.02.5.2 Metal-organic frameworks
			10.02.5.2.1 Enhanced physisorption using small pores and flexible MOFs
			10.02.5.2.2 Hydrogen adsorption at coordinatively-unsaturated metal centers in MOFs
		10.02.5.3 Outlook
	References
10.03. Structural studies of inorganic materials by electron crystallography
	Content
	Abstract
	10.03.1 Introduction
	10.03.2 Structure determination by electron diffraction
		10.03.2.1 Formation of electron diffraction
		10.03.2.2 Protocols for the acquisition of electron diffraction data
			10.03.2.2.1 Various techniques of zonal-axis 2D electron diffraction acquisition
			10.03.2.2.2 Three-dimensional electron diffraction
			10.03.2.2.3 Serial electron diffraction
		10.03.2.3 Structure determination and phase analysis
			10.03.2.3.1 Data processing
			10.03.2.3.2 Structure solution
			10.03.2.3.3 Structure refinement
			10.03.2.3.4 Phase analysis
	10.03.3 Decoding atomic arrangements from high resolution images
		10.03.3.1 A conceptual picture of HRTEM image formation and contrast
			10.03.3.1.1 Image formation
			10.03.3.1.2 Contrast transfer function (CTF)
		10.03.3.2 Retrieval of structure projection by CTF correction and structure determination from HRTEM images by crystallographic image processing
		10.03.3.3 STEM for electron crystallography applications: Imaging modes
			10.03.3.3.1 Crewe’s Z-contrast
			10.03.3.3.2 Z2 x contrast
			10.03.3.3.3 ABF-STEM
			10.03.3.3.4 Integrated differential phase-contrast (iDPC)
		10.03.3.4 How can 3D crystallographic information be obtained from 2D high resolution images?
		10.03.3.5 Advantages of aberration correction for HRTEM and HRSTEM investigations
	10.03.4 Applications of electron crystallography for studies of inorganic and functional materials
		10.03.4.1 Ab initio structure determination of perfectly periodic crystals by 3D ED and imaging
		10.03.4.2 Outside the realm of perfectly periodic crystals
			10.03.4.2.1 Mixed occupancies and vacancies
			10.03.4.2.2 Planar discontinuities: Stacking disorder and nano-twinning
			10.03.4.2.3 Superstructures and aperiodic structures
		10.03.4.3 Detecting light elements by 3D ED and imaging
		10.03.4.4 2D materials and thin films
		10.03.4.5 Electron pair-distribution function analysis (ePDF) for amorphous materials
		10.03.4.6 Orientation and secondary phases maps
		10.03.4.7 Phase analysis and serial ED
	10.03.5 Conclusions and future prospects
	References
10.04. Synchrotron diffraction studies on spin crossover materials
	Content
	Abstract
	10.04.1 Introduction
		10.04.1.1 Ligand-field theory and the origin of thermal spin-crossover
		10.04.1.2 Structure and properties of SCO complexes
		10.04.1.3 Thermal SCO
		10.04.1.4 Pressure-induced SCO
		10.04.1.5 Light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST)
		10.04.1.6 Types of SCO complex
	10.04.2 Synchrotron diffraction studies of SCO materials
		10.04.2.1 Mononuclear SCO materials
		10.04.2.2 Multinuclear SCO complexes and frameworks
		10.04.2.3 LIESST effect studies using synchrotron diffraction
		10.04.2.4 Time-resolved synchrotron studies of SCO materials
		10.04.2.5 X-ray induced excited spin state trapping
		10.04.2.6 Charge density studies
		10.04.2.7 Pressure-induced SCO
		10.04.2.8 Pair distribution function
		10.04.2.9 Synchrotron GIXRD and in-plane XRD studies
	10.04.3 Outlook
	References
10.05. EXAFS studies of inorganic catalytic materials
	Content
	Abstract
	10.05.1 Introduction
	10.05.2 Background
		10.05.2.1 X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)
		10.05.2.2 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
		10.05.2.3 XAFS data acquisition
			10.05.2.3.1 Scanning mode
			10.05.2.3.2 Energy dispersive EXAFS (EDE) mode
		10.05.2.4 Data analysis
		10.05.2.5 Sample environment
			10.05.2.5.1 Cells for gas-solid reactions
			10.05.2.5.2 Cells for electrochemical reactions
			10.05.2.5.3 Cells for grazing incidence measurements
			10.05.2.5.4 Cells for gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactions
	10.05.3 Supported catalysts
		10.05.3.1 Catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation
			10.05.3.1.1 Supported catalysts measured at atmospheric pressure
			10.05.3.1.2 Supported catalysts measured at elevated pressures
		10.05.3.2 Palladium catalysts for emissions abatement
			10.05.3.2.1 Rationalizing the effect of the preparation method on properties and performance
			10.05.3.2.2 Active state of Pd revealed under in situ and operando conditions
		10.05.3.3 Interrogation of bimetallic species
			10.05.3.3.1 Catalyst self-assembly
			10.05.3.3.2 Selective oxidation using bimetallic catalysts
			10.05.3.3.3 Noble metal promotion of Cobalt reduction in Co Fischer-Tropsch catalysts
			10.05.3.3.4 Selective hydrogenation using bimetallic single atom catalysts (SACs)
		10.05.3.4 Using EXAFS to determine metal particle size and shape
		10.05.3.5 Catalysis using ions of low nuclearity
		10.05.3.6 EXAFS in combination with other techniques
			10.05.3.6.1 Combined XAFS/vibrational spectroscopic study of catalyst synthesis and reaction
			10.05.3.6.2 Combined XAFS/UV-vis study of catalyst synthesis and reaction
			10.05.3.6.3 Combined XAFS/XRD
		10.05.3.7 Catalysis in the liquid phase
		10.05.3.8 XAFS and electrochemistry
			10.05.3.8.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
			10.05.3.8.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER)
			10.05.3.8.3 Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)
			10.05.3.8.4 CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR)
	10.05.4 Obtaining more information on the state of the catalyst
		10.05.4.1 Imaging studies
		10.05.4.2 Novel analysis methods for determining active species present
			10.05.4.2.1 Post reaction data analysis methods
			10.05.4.2.2 Modulation excitation methods
	10.05.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
10.06. Coherent x-ray diffraction studies of inorganic crystalline nanomaterials
	Content
	Abstract
	10.06.1 Introduction to coherent X-rays
		10.06.1.1 Source of X-rays
			10.06.1.1.1 Coherent X-rays
			10.06.1.2 Applications of coherent X-rays
	10.06.2 Introduction to coherent X-ray diffraction imaging in Bragg geometry (BCDI)
		10.06.2.1 Fundamentals of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
		10.06.2.2 Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI)
			10.06.2.2.1 Resolution
			10.06.2.2.2 Sensitivity to lattice displacement
			10.06.2.2.3 Strain tensor
		10.06.2.3 In-situ/operando capabilities
	10.06.3 BCDI studies of catalytic materials
		10.06.3.1 Sample environments for in-situ/operando studies
		10.06.3.2 Active site determination using BCDI
		10.06.3.3 Strain and defect evolution during catalysis
	10.06.4 Crystal growth and dissolution studied via BCDI
	10.06.5 BCDI studies of energy storage materials
		10.06.5.1 Strain energy landscape in Lithium-ion battery cathode nanoparticles
		10.06.5.2 Dislocation dynamics during battery cycling
	10.06.6 Ultrafast dynamics using BCDI
	10.06.7 Future prospects for BCDI at fourth-generation synchrotron sources
	References
10.07. Panoramic (in beam) studies of materials synthesis
	Content
	Abstract
	10.07.1 Introduction
	10.07.2 Experimental techniques and analytical methods
	10.07.3 Oxides
	10.07.4 Chalcogenides
	10.07.5 Other compositions
	10.07.6 Conclusion and outlook
	References
10.08. X-ray diffraction methods for high-pressure solid-state synthesis
	Content
	Abstract
	10.08.1 Introduction
		10.08.1.1 Review of some fundamental concepts in solid-state synthesis
			10.08.1.1.1 Atomic diffusion requires very high temperatures
			10.08.1.1.2 Stable heating relies on sophisticated apparatus
			10.08.1.1.3 Reactant interfaces dictate product yield
			10.08.1.1.4 Phase stability is very sensitive to temperature
			10.08.1.1.5 Chemical isolation of the reactants is critical
		10.08.1.2 Additional considerations for synthesis at high pressures
			10.08.1.2.1 Diffusion rates are greatly diminished under pressure
			10.08.1.2.2 Sample homogeneity is difficult to control
			10.08.1.2.3 Encapsulation materials must be chemically inert
			10.08.1.2.4 Pressure must be measured alongside temperature
			10.08.1.2.5 Anisotropy of the pressure field can be important
	10.08.2 High-pressure apparatus for chemical synthesis with in situ X-ray diffraction
		10.08.2.1 Paris–Edinburgh press
			10.08.2.1.1 Overview of the Paris–Edinburgh press (PEP)
			10.08.2.1.2 Using the PEP for chemical synthesis
			10.08.2.1.3 In situ X-ray diffraction in the PEP
			10.08.2.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the PEP
			10.08.2.1.5 Example syntheses with the PEP
		10.08.2.2 Diamond anvil cell
			10.08.2.2.1 Overview of the diamond anvil cell (DAC)
			10.08.2.2.2 Using the DAC for chemical synthesis
			10.08.2.2.3 In situ X-ray diffraction in the DAC
			10.08.2.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the DAC
			10.08.2.2.5 Examples of synthesis with the DAC
		10.08.2.3 Multi-anvil press
			10.08.2.3.1 Overview of the multi-anvil press (MAP)
			10.08.2.3.2 Using the MAP for chemical synthesis
			10.08.2.3.3 In situ X-ray diffraction in the MAP
			10.08.2.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the MAP
			10.08.2.3.5 Examples of synthesis with the MAP
	10.08.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
10.09. Local structure determination using total scattering data
	Content
	Abstract
	10.09.1 Introduction
		10.09.1.1 Total scattering measurements
		10.09.1.2 Formal description of the PDF
	10.09.2 Structural phase transitions
	10.09.3 Battery electrode materials under cycling
	10.09.4 Semiconductor nanoparticles
	10.09.5 Inorganic molecular cluster structures
	10.09.6 Soft inorganic structures: Halide perovskites
	10.09.7 Metal-organic frameworks and host-guest systems
	10.09.8 Layered materials
	10.09.9 Polycrystalline thin films
	10.09.10 Amorphous systems
	10.09.11 Nucleation of crystallites
	10.09.12 Magnetic crystals
	10.09.13 Future development
	References
10.10. In situ scattering studies of material formation during wet-chemical syntheses
	Content
	Abstract
	10.10.1 Why do we need in situ studies?
	10.10.2 Peering into the black box: Development of experimental setups for wet-chemical synthesis studies
	10.10.3 Chemical insight from in situ powder diffraction studies
		10.10.3.1 Identifying complex reaction pathways
		10.10.3.2 Understanding phase transformations: Kinetic analyses of material formation
		10.10.3.3 Nanoparticle growth
		10.10.3.4 Changes in crystal structure during material formation
		10.10.3.5 Mapping of synthesis parameters
	10.10.4 Chemical insights from total scattering experiments
		10.10.4.1 PDF studies of particle nucleation
		10.10.4.2 Challenges and limitations for in situ total scattering experiments
	10.10.5 Nanoparticle size and shape: Information from Small-Angle X-ray scattering
	10.10.6 Combination of techniques: Spectroscopy and scattering
	10.10.7 Summary and outlook
	References
10.11. Time resolved structural studies in molecular materials
	Content
	Glossary
	Abstract
	10.11.1 Introduction
		10.11.1.1 Interaction of light and matter
		10.11.1.2 Importance of solid-state studies
		10.11.1.3 Research possibilities with X-ray diffraction methods
		10.11.1.4 Short history of photocrystallography
		10.11.1.5 Brief description of the chapter content
	10.11.2 Methods
		10.11.2.1 Data collection
			10.11.2.1.1 Monochromatic method
			10.11.2.1.2 Laue method
			10.11.2.1.3 XFEL prospects
		10.11.2.2 Data processing and analysis
			10.11.2.2.1 Laue data processing for macromolecular crystals
			10.11.2.2.2 Laue data processing for small-molecule crystals
			10.11.2.2.3 Photodifference maps
			10.11.2.2.4 Structure-model refinement
	10.11.3 Examples of time-resolved studies
		10.11.3.1 Macromolecular TR photocrystallography
		10.11.3.2 TR studies of small organic molecules
		10.11.3.3 TR studies of coordination compounds
			10.11.3.3.1 Pt(pop)2(popH)2·N(Et)4 cage complex
			10.11.3.3.2 Rh2(dimen)4·(PF6)2 cage complex
			10.11.3.3.3 ([3,5-(CF3)2pz]Cu)3 trimer complex
			10.11.3.3.4 Rh2(μ-pnp)2(pnp)2·(B(Ph)4)2 ‘half-cage’ complex
			10.11.3.3.5 Cu(dppe)(dmp)·PF6 and Cu(phen)(P(Ph)3)2·BF4 photoactive complexes
			10.11.3.3.6 Fe(tpa)(tcc)·PF6 spin-crossover complex
			10.11.3.3.7 Ag2Cu2(dpi)4 multicenter complex
			10.11.3.3.8 Cu4(PhCO2)4 carboxylate complex
			10.11.3.3.9 In-house time-resolved photocrystallographic studies
	10.11.4 Summary and prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
10.12. Direct observation of transient species and chemical reactions in a pore observed by synchrotron radiation
	Content
	Abstract
	10.12.1 Introduction
	10.12.2 In situ crystallography
		10.12.2.1 Sampling
		10.12.2.2 Diffractometer
		10.12.2.3 Data processing
		10.12.2.4 Structure determination
	10.12.3 In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations
	10.12.4 Crystal design for in situ observation of unstable species by X-rays
	10.12.5 Crystal packing approach
		10.12.5.1 Direct observation of photo-induced radicals
		10.12.5.2 Direct observation of photo-induced triplet carbene
		10.12.5.3 Direct observation of photo-induced triplet nitrene
		10.12.5.4 Reaction intermediates for catalytic reactions
	10.12.6 Prison cell approach
		10.12.6.1 Direct observation of a photo-induced coordinatively unsaturated transition-metal complex in a M6L4 cage
		10.12.6.2 Crystalline state solution-state-like reactiond—Direct observation of selective photo-dimerization of acenaphthylene in a M6L4 cage
	10.12.7 Step IIIdCrystalline molecular flask
		10.12.7.1 Networking of M6L4 and in situ observation of the crystalline state photoreaction
		10.12.7.2 Design of porous coordination networks—Cartridge synthesis
		10.12.7.3 Pore modification by cartridge synthesis and single-crystal-to-single-crystal guest exchange
		10.12.7.4 Direct observation of chemical reactions in a pore
		10.12.7.5 Snapshots of transient species in pores
		10.12.7.6 Unstable sulfur species observed by X-ray diffraction
		10.12.7.7 X-ray snapshots of S2 conversion in an interactive pore
		10.12.7.8 Unstable phosphorus species: P4
		10.12.7.9 Reactive elements: Br2
	10.12.8 Overview
	References
10.13. X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies in the study of excited state structures
	Content
	Abstract
	10.13.1 Introduction
	10.13.2 X-ray transient absorption experimental setups
		10.13.2.1 Sampling methods
		10.13.2.2 Acquisition of X-ray transient absorption data
	10.13.3 A history of X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy
	10.13.4 Recent studies and experiments using X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy
		10.13.4.1 Experiments at synchrotrons
			10.13.4.1.1 Photosensitizers
			10.13.4.1.2 Non- reversible photoreactions
			10.13.4.1.3 Further EXAFS analysis using TR-XAS data collection method
			10.13.4.1.4 Photoactive enzymes mimics
	10.13.5 TRXAS experiments at X-ray free electron lasers
		10.13.5.1 History of free-electron lasers
		10.13.5.2 “Pump-probe” data collection at XFEL
		10.13.5.3 TRXAS experiments conducted at XFEL
	10.13.6 Transient X-ray emission spectroscopy or pump-probe XES
		10.13.6.1 Transient X-ray emission studies of iron complexes in solut
	10.13.7 Transient X-ray spectroscopy of metalloporphyrin chemistry at XFEL
	10.13.8 Final remarks
	References
10.14. X-ray and neutron diffraction from glasses and liquids
	Content
	Abstract
	10.14.1 Introduction
	10.14.2 Neutron diffraction
		10.14.2.1 Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections
		10.14.2.2 Time-of-flight neutron instrumentation
		10.14.2.3 Analysis of neutron diffraction data
		10.14.2.4 Faber Ziman formalism
		10.14.2.5 Pair Distribution Functions
		10.14.2.6 The effect of Qmax on real space resolution
	10.14.3 X-ray diffraction
		10.14.3.1 X-ray form factors
		10.14.3.2 High energy X-ray Instrumentation
		10.14.3.3 Analysis of X-ray diffraction data
	10.14.4 Complementary Techniques
		10.14.4.1 Anomalous X-ray scattering
		10.14.4.2 Anomalous neutron diffraction
		10.14.4.3 Isomorphic substitution
		10.14.4.4 Neutron Diffraction with Isotopic Substitution
			10.14.4.4.1 The Partial Structure Factors of Water
			10.14.4.4.2 The Partial Structure Factor analysis of silica glass
	10.14.5 The first sharp diffraction peak
		10.14.5.1 Bhatia and Thornton formalism
	10.14.6 Atomistic modeling
		10.14.6.1 Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC)
		10.14.6.2 Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR)
		10.14.6.3 Classical Molecular Dynamics (CMD)
		10.14.6.4 Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Ab initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD)
		10.14.6.5 Machine Learning interatomic potentials
	10.14.7 Outlook
	References
10.15. An overview of platon/pluton crystal structure validation
	Content
	Abstract
	10.15.1 Introduction
	10.15.2 Crystal structure determination
		10.15.2.1 Data collection and data reduction
		10.15.2.2 Solution of the phase problem
		10.15.2.3 Structure refinement
		10.15.2.4 Analysis of the results, illustrations and validation
	10.15.3 The programPLATON
		10.15.3.1 PLATON tools and functions
		10.15.3.1.1 CALC ALL
		10.15.3.1.2 PLUTON
		10.15.3.1.3 ORTEP
		10.15.3.1.4 CONTOUR
		10.15.3.1.5 Simulated powder pattern
		10.15.3.1.6 LEPAGE, DELRED and ADDSYM
		10.15.3.1.7 CALC SOLV
		10.15.3.1.8 SQUEEZE
		10.15.3.1.9 TWINROTMAT
		10.15.3.1.10 ASYM-VIEW
		10.15.3.1.11 BIJVOET-PAIR
	10.15.4 Crystal structure validation
		10.15.4.1 The PLATON/checkCIF report
			10.15.4.1.1 CIF-validation
			10.15.4.1.2 FCF-validation
		10.15.4.2 A PLATON/checkCIF report example
		10.15.4.3 Some common validation issues
			10.15.4.3.1 Reflection dataset completeness
			10.15.4.3.2 Negative or large K values
			10.15.4.3.3 Residual density peaks
			10.15.4.3.4 Hydrogen atoms
	10.15.5 Implementation and availability
	10.15.6 Concluding remarks
	References
10.16. Ab initio structure solution using synchrotron powder diffraction
	Content
	Abstract
	10.16.1 Introduction
	10.16.2 Indexing
	10.16.3 Solve by analogy
		10.16.3.1 Hexaaquairon(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate, Fe(H2O)6(CF3SO3)2
		10.16.3.2 Al4H2(SO4)7(H2O)24
		10.16.3.3 (NH4)Fe(CO3)(OH)2
		10.16.3.4 (NH4)Fe2S3
		10.16.3.5 Fe(BF4)2(H2O)6
		10.16.3.6 [Fe(H2O)6]2[FeF6][FeF4(H2O)2]
		10.16.3.7 Na(NH4)Mo3O10(H2O)
		10.16.3.8 bis(Ethylammonium) tetrachloroiron(II)
	10.16.4 Reciprocal space methods
		10.16.4.1 Direct methods
			10.16.4.1.1 Hydrated sodium aluminate, NaAlO2(H2O)5/4
			10.16.4.1.2 Potassium aluminium borate, K2Al2B2O7
			10.16.4.1.3 Magnesium hydrogen citrate, Mg(H2C6H5O7)2
			10.16.4.1.4 Calcium hydrogen citrate dihydrate, [Ca(HC6H5O7)(H3CH5O7)(H2O
			10.16.4.1.5 Calcium citrate hexahydrate, Ca3(C6H5O7)2(H2O)6
		10.16.4.2 Charge flipping
			10.16.4.2.1 Antimony oxalate hydroxide, Sb(C2O4)(OH)
			10.16.4.2.2 Tamsulosin hydrochloride, C20H29N2O5SCl
			10.16.4.2.3 Fe25Sn28Ti47
	10.16.5 Real space methods
	10.16.6 Hybrid methods – Monte Carlo simulated annealing
		10.16.6.1 Na1-xGe3+z
		10.16.6.2 MoO2(O2)(H2O)•H2O
		10.16.6.3 (CH3)3AsO(H2O)2
		10.16.6.4 [Ba3(C6H5O7)2(H2O)4](H2O)
		10.16.6.5 M(C8H4O4)(H2O)2, M = Mg, Mn, Fe, and Co
	10.16.7 Stealth and guile?
		10.16.7.1 Diammonium 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate
		10.16.7.2 Poly(tyrosol carbonate), (C2H4C6H4CO3)n
	10.16.8 Microcrystals/polycrystals
	10.16.9 Resonant diffraction
	10.16.10 Accuracy and precision
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
	Relevant websites
Index
Author Index