Competitive Physics: Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism and Relativity

Contents
Dedication
Preface
1 Geometrical Optics
	1.1 Light Rays
	1.2 The Law of Reflection
	1.3 Refraction
	1.4 Total Internal Reflection
	1.5 Fermat’s Principle
	1.6 Optical Apparatus
		1.6.1 Focusing Mirrors
		1.6.2 Lenses
		1.6.3 Applications of Lenses
		1.6.4 Other Refracting Apparatus
	Problems
	Solutions
2 Thermodynamics and Ideal Gases
	2.1 The Zeroth Law
	2.2 Common Quantities in Thermodynamics
		2.2.1 State Variables
		2.2.2 Internal Energy
		2.2.3 Heat and Work
	2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
	2.4 Ideal Gases
		2.4.1 Internal Energy
		2.4.2 General and Reversible Work
	2.5 Heat Capacity
	2.6 Gas Flows
	2.7 Kinetic Theory of Gases
		2.7.1 Distribution Functions
		2.7.2 Pressure
		2.7.3 Effusion
		2.7.4 Mean Free Path
		2.7.5 Statistics of an Ideal Gas
	Problems
	Solutions
3 The Second Law and Heat Engines
	3.1 Kelvin-Planck’s and Clausius’ Statements
	3.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators
		3.2.1 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck’s and Clausius’ Statements
		3.2.2 Carnot’s Principles
		3.2.3 What does it take to be Reversible? — The Carnot Engine
	3.3 Clausius’ Inequality and Entropy
		3.3.1 Entropy
		3.3.2 Entropy Calculations
	3.4 Fundamental Relation of Thermodynamics
		3.4.1 Spontaneous Reactions
	Problems
	Solutions
4 Heat Transfer and Phase Transitions
	4.1 Convection
	4.2 Conduction
		4.2.1 Equivalent Resistance
	4.3 Radiation
		4.3.1 Wien’s Displacement Law
		4.3.2 Radiation at a Surface
		4.3.3 System of Gray Bodies
	4.4 Thermal Expansion
	4.5 Phase Transitions
		4.5.1 Phase Diagrams
		4.5.2 Coexistence of Phases
		4.5.3 Mixture of Gases
	Problems
	Solutions
5 Electrostatics
	5.1 Electric Charges
	5.2 Coulomb’s Law
	5.3 Electric Field
	5.4 Gauss’ Law
		5.4.1 Applications of Gauss’ Law
	5.5 Line Integral of Electrostatic Field
	5.6 Electric Potential Energy
	5.7 Electric Potential
	5.8 Potential Energy of a System
	Problems
	Solutions
6 Conductors and Dielectrics
	6.1 Properties of Conductors
	6.2 The Uniqueness Theorems
		6.2.1 First Uniqueness Theorem
		6.2.2 Second Uniqueness Theorem
		6.2.3 Electrostatic Shielding
		6.2.4 Direct Construction of Solutions
		6.2.5 Image Charges
	6.3 Capacitors
		6.3.1 An Elegant Method for Determining Total Charges
	6.4 Electric Fields in Matter
		6.4.1 Electric Dipoles
		6.4.2 Multipole Expansion
		6.4.3 Dielectrics
		6.4.4 Bound Charges
		6.4.5 Electric Displacement
		6.4.6 Linear Dielectrics
		6.4.7 Force on Dielectrics
	Problems
	Solutions
7 Magnetism
	7.1 Lorentz Force Law and the Definition of Magnetic Field
	7.2 Magnetic Field
		7.2.1 Magnetic Field Lines
		7.2.2 Magnetic Energy Density
	7.3 Ampere’s Law
		7.3.1 Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions
	7.4 Motion in Magnetic Fields
		7.4.1 Charge in Uniform Magnetic Field
		7.4.2 Charge in Uniform and Perpendicular Electric and Magnetic Fields
		7.4.3 Current Loop in Uniform Magnetic Field
	7.5 Magnetic Fields in Matter
		7.5.1 Bound Currents
		7.5.2 Magnetic Susceptibility
		7.5.3 Analogy between Magnetic and Electric Fields
	Problems
	Solutions
8 Currents and EMI
	8.1 Voltage
	8.2 Current
		8.2.1 Microscopic View
		8.2.2 Drude’s Model of Conduction
		8.2.3 Ohm’s Law
	8.3 Electromotive Force
	8.4 Motional Emf
	8.5 Induced Emf
	8.6 Self-Inductance
	8.7 Mutual Inductance
	8.8 Ampere–Maxwell Law
	8.9 Perfect Conductors and Superconductors
	8.10 Force on Inductors
		8.10.1 Pressure on Self-Inductor
		8.10.2 Force Between Mutual Inductors
		8.10.3 Distant Magnetic Field of Magnetic Dipole
	Problems
	Solutions
9 DC Circuits
	9.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws
		9.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
		9.1.2 Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule
		9.1.3 Sign Conventions
		9.1.4 Definitions
		9.1.5 Circuit Elements
		9.1.6 Mesh Analysis
		9.1.7 Nodal Analysis
	9.2 The Principle of Superposition
	9.3 Equipotential Points
	9.4 Thevenin’s Theorem
		9.4.1 Source Transformations
	9.5 Y-Δ Transformations
	9.6 Infinite Networks
	Problems
	Solutions
10 RLC and AC Circuits
	10.1 Roles of Capacitors and Inductors
		10.1.1 Series and Parallel Configurations
		10.1.2 Sign Conventions
		10.1.3 Short-term and Long-term Effects
		10.1.4 Effects at All Times
		10.1.5 Mutual Inductance
	10.2 AC Circuits
		10.2.1 Real Variables
		10.2.2 Complex Variables
		10.2.3 Method of Complex Admittance and Impedance
		10.2.4 Root-Mean-Square Values
	Problems
	Solutions
11 Relativistic Kinematics
	11.1 Frames of Reference
	11.2 The Two Postulates
		11.2.1 The Principle of Relativity
		11.2.2 Invariance of the Speed of Light
		11.2.3 Underlying Assumptions
	11.3 Consequences of the Postulates
		11.3.1 Conventions
		11.3.2 Time
		11.3.3 The Relativity of Simultaneity
		11.3.4 Time Dilation
		11.3.5 Length Contraction
	11.4 Space-Time
	11.5 The Lorentz Transformations and Active Transformations
	11.6 Passive Transformations
	11.7 The Invariant Interval
	11.8 The Relativistic Speed Limit
	11.9 Other Effects
		11.9.1 Relativistic Velocity Addition
		11.9.2 Acceleration
		11.9.3 Rigid Objects
		11.9.4 Relativistic Longitudinal Doppler Effect
	Problems
	Solutions
12 Relativistic Dynamics
	12.1 Momentum
	12.2 Relativistic Energy
	12.3 Force and Coordinate Acceleration
	12.4 Four-Vectors
		12.4.1 Four-Coordinate
		12.4.2 Four-Velocity
		12.4.3 Four-Acceleration
		12.4.4 Four-Momentum
		12.4.5 Four-Force
		12.4.6 Four-Wave Vector
	12.5 Transformation of Electric and Magnetic Fields
		12.5.1 Fields of a Moving Charge
	Problems
	Solutions
Appendix: Michelson–Morley Experiment
Index