Cognition and Intelligence: Identifying the Mechanisms of the Mind

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Cognition and intelligence......Page 9
References......Page 13
Introduction......Page 15
The concepts of cognitive psychology......Page 17
Theories of psychometric intelligence......Page 19
Early attempts: relating the parameters of information processing models to specific dimensions of psychometric intellige......Page 26
Speed of information processing and general intelligence......Page 28
Looking for a pervasive function: working memory......Page 33
Prospectus......Page 34
References......Page 36
2 Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology......Page 40
Psychometry and chronometry compared......Page 41
Advantages of mental chronometry......Page 43
Standardizing chronometric methods......Page 46
Chronometry as a primary tool for research on intelligence......Page 48
Complexity of the RT task......Page 50
Correlation Trade-Off and Convertibility Between RT and Error Responses......Page 51
Primary versus Derived Measures in Chronometric Paradigms......Page 52
The Problematic Meaning of Inter-Trial Variability of RT......Page 53
The “Worst Performance Rule”......Page 55
Working Memory (WM) and Speed of Processing (SP)......Page 57
Brinley Plots and the Generality of Processing Speed......Page 59
References......Page 62
3 Reductionism versus Charting......Page 65
Reductionism: psychology as a science sandwiched among the \"turtles-all-the-way-down\"......Page 66
Charting as a way of breaking the chains of the paper-and-pencil testing medium......Page 72
Cognitive aging in between charting and reductionist agendas......Page 76
Sensory processes and psychometric theories of intelligence......Page 78
Referenes......Page 79
Basic information processing and intelligence......Page 82
Physiological correlates of human intelligence......Page 86
Biological basis of human intelligence: three hypotheses......Page 94
A brain area for intelligence?......Page 96
References......Page 98
Introduction......Page 102
Processing capacity......Page 105
Malleability of processing networks......Page 108
Functional connectivity......Page 110
Anatomical connectivity......Page 112
Is intelligence localized in the brain?......Page 113
References......Page 114
Introduction......Page 118
An individual-differences perspective on working memory......Page 119
Which Hypothesis Is Correct?......Page 121
Microanalytic Research......Page 122
The Role of Strategies?......Page 124
Macroanalytic Research......Page 126
Verbal versus Spatial WM?......Page 127
Toward a Broader Perspective on the Role of WM in Higher-Level Cognition......Page 131
Summary and conclusions......Page 132
References......Page 133
Intelligence and cognitive complexity......Page 136
The Processual Approach......Page 139
The Individual-Differences Approach......Page 141
Metacognition and intelligence......Page 145
Cognitive Strategies......Page 146
Cognitive Control......Page 149
Concluding remarks......Page 151
References......Page 152
8 Ability Determinants of Individual Differences in Skilled Performance......Page 156
A brief historical review......Page 157
Theory and controversy......Page 158
Three Theoretical Orientations......Page 160
Ackerman’s Three-Phase Theory......Page 161
Information processing approaches......Page 163
Extant data and evaluation of theory......Page 164
Summary, conclusions, and future directions......Page 168
References......Page 170
Introduction......Page 174
Simple and Complex Problems......Page 175
Evaluation Criteria......Page 178
Individual differences in complex explicit problem solving......Page 179
Evaluation of Approach......Page 181
CEPS and Specific Intelligence Components......Page 182
Evaluation of Approach......Page 184
Expertise and Intelligence......Page 185
Evaluation of Approach......Page 187
The Tasks Used......Page 189
Empirical Evidence Supporting the Assumption of an Implicit Learning System......Page 190
Implicit Learning and Intelligence......Page 192
Evaluation of Approach......Page 194
Summary and conclusions......Page 195
References......Page 196
10 Intelligence as Smart Heuristics......Page 202
Recognition Heuristic......Page 203
Ecological Rationality......Page 207
Search Rules......Page 208
Domain-Specificity of Heuristics......Page 209
Social Intelligence......Page 211
Nonsocial Intelligence......Page 213
Ecological Rationality......Page 214
Relation to other approaches......Page 215
The Mind as a Swiss Army Knife......Page 216
Program review and future......Page 217
References......Page 218
11 The Role of Transferable Knowledge in Intelligence......Page 222
Knowledge......Page 223
Transfer......Page 229
References......Page 235
12 Reasoning Abilities......Page 239
Cognitive tests as cognitive tasks......Page 240
Measures of Reasoning and Their Uses......Page 241
The role of knowledge in reasoning......Page 242
Tacit and explicit processes......Page 243
Reasoning and working memory......Page 244
Reasoning Tests as Cognitive Tasks......Page 246
Construct representation of reasoning tests......Page 247
Nomothetic span of reasoning tests......Page 250
Speed or Efficiency of Elementary Processing......Page 251
More Involvement of Central Components......Page 252
Attention and Working Memory Capacity......Page 253
Adaptive Processing......Page 255
Affect and Conation......Page 257
Toward a Definition of Reasoning......Page 258
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 265
Theoretical Foundations for Cognitive Design Systems......Page 266
Psychometric Models for Cognitive Design Systems......Page 269
Develop Cognitive Model for Existing Items......Page 271
Item Generation by Artificial Intelligence......Page 272
Supporting data for cognitive design systems......Page 273
Algorithmic Item Generation and Revised Cognitive Model......Page 274
Related approaches to item development......Page 277
Evaluation of approach: advantages and disadvantages......Page 278
References......Page 279
14 Marrying Intelligence and Cognition......Page 282
Intelligence as \"what the tests test\"......Page 283
Iq and knowledge......Page 285
Cognitive correlates and components......Page 287
g And speed of processing......Page 288
Developmental approaches to intelligence......Page 289
The scientific utility of the construct \"intelligence\"......Page 290
A research agenda for a theory of intelligence......Page 291
The theory of the minimal cognitive architecture underlying intelligence and development......Page 293
Levels of description and methodological strategies in intelligence research......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 298
References......Page 299
15 From  Description to Explanation in Cognitive Aging......Page 302
Description of cognitive aging......Page 304
Explanation of cognitive aging......Page 312
Future directions......Page 315
References......Page 316
16 Unifying the Field......Page 320
Top-down approach......Page 321
Processing Speed......Page 322
Functional Connectivity......Page 323
Working Memory and Attention......Page 324
Flexibility of Strategy Use......Page 325
Learning Ability......Page 326
Knowledge and Intelligence......Page 327
Synthesis of results......Page 328
Cronbach\'s call......Page 329
Future work in cognition and intelligence......Page 330
References......Page 332
Author Index......Page 333
Subject Index......Page 343