Clean Energy Transition-via-Biomass Resource Utilization

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Sustainable Utilization of Biomass Resources
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomass Utilization—Prospects and Challenges
		2.1 Prospects
		2.2 Economic Benefits
		2.3 Challenges
	3 Sustainable Factors of Biomass Utilization
		3.1 Renewability and Carbon Neutrality
		3.2 Resource Management
		3.3 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		3.4 Waste Reduction and Circular Economy
		3.5 Ecosystem Restoration and Biodiversity Preservation
		3.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
		3.7 Economic Development and Energy Security
		3.8 Flexibility and Energy Storage
		3.9 Environmental Co-benefits
	4 Policies for Sustainability
		4.1 Renewable Energy Standards (RES) or Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
		4.2 Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs)
		4.3 Tax Incentives and Credits
		4.4 Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
		4.5 Environmental Regulations
		4.6 Sustainable Forest Management Standards
		4.7 Land Use Policies
		4.8 Bioenergy Certification Systems
		4.9 Research and Development Funding
		4.10 Waste-to-Energy Policies
		4.11 Community Engagement and Benefit Sharing
		4.12 Monitoring and Reporting Requirements
	5 Biomass Supply Chain
		5.1 Biomass Resource Production
		5.2 Harvesting and Collection
		5.3 Preprocessing and Drying
		5.4 Storage
		5.5 Transportation
		5.6 Processing and Conversion
		5.7 Energy or Product Generation
		5.8 Distribution and End-Use
		5.9 Waste and Residue Management
		5.10 Environmental and Sustainability Considerations
		5.11 Regulatory Compliance and Certification
		5.12 Research and Development
		5.13 Policy and Regulation
	6 Biomass Processing
		6.1 Thermochemical Conversion
		6.2 Biochemical Conversion
		6.3 Mechanical and Physical Processing
		6.4 Chemical Processing
		6.5 Torrefaction
		6.6 Hydrothermal Carbonization
		6.7 Supercritical Methods
		6.8 Anaerobic Digestion
	7 Product Application
		7.1 Bioenergy Production
		7.2 Biochemicals Production
	8 Conclusion
	References
Biomass Resources and Potential for Its Applications in Energy and Platform Chemicals with 3G Biorefinery Approaches
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomass Resources
		2.1 Agricultural Bioresources
		2.2 Lignocellulosic and Non-lignocellulosic Biomass Resources
		2.3 Forest and Other Wooded Lands
		2.4 Dedicated Energy Crops
		2.5 Algal Bioresources
		2.6 Sewage Sludge
		2.7 Manure
	3 Microalgae as a Predominant Renewable Biomass Resource
	4 Carbon Metabolism in Microalgae
	5 Production of Biofuels and Platform Chemicals
	6 Strategies to Enhance the Accumulation of Biomass and Bio-products
		6.1 Key-engineering Schemes
		6.2 Optimizing Growth Conditions
		6.3 Maximizing Product
	7 Biochemical Composition of Microalgae and Effects on Biofuel Production
	8 Application of Microalgae Biomass in Different Bioenergy and Biofuels
		8.1 Microalgae as a Biodiesel Source
		8.2 Microalgae as a Bio-alcohol Source
		8.3 Microalgae as a Biohydrogen Source
		8.4 Microalgae as a Biomethane/Biogas Source
		8.5 Microalgae as a Bio-oil Source
		8.6 Microalgae as a Source of Bioactive and Fine Chemical Compounds
	9 3G Biorefinery and High-value Microalgae Biomass for Platform Chemicals
	10 Conclusion
	References
Agro-forestry Biomass as a Potential Bioresource for Climate Change Mitigation
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Role of Agro-forestry Wastes in Climate Change
	2 Agro-forestry Residues—Feedstocks and Their Composition
		2.1 Agricultural Residues
		2.2 Forestry Residues
	3 Strategies for Agro-forestry Residue Utilization
		3.1 Combustion
		3.2 Gasification
		3.3 Pyrolysis
		3.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
		3.5 Anaerobic Digestion
		3.6 Fermentation
	4 Challenges, Possible Solutions and Future Perspectives
		4.1 Availability of Biomass Feedstocks
		4.2 Biomass Supply Chain
		4.3 Biomass Variability
		4.4 Challenges Related to Conversion Technologies
	5 Industrial Perspectives on Current Conversion Technologies
	6 Conclusion and Future Potential
	References
Vegetable Oil Seeds as Biomass Resource for Potential Applications in Biofuel and Biomaterials
	1 Introduction
	2 Seed Oils
	3 Castor Oil
	4 Biolubricant Applications of Castor
	5 Biomaterial Applications of Castor
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Co-digestion of Fish Waste for Methane Generation and Utilization of Slurry for Organic Farming
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Global Seafood Consumption and By-product Utilization
		1.2 Fish Processing By-products
		1.3 By-product Utilization
		1.4 Environmental Issues for Dumping and Processing Fish Wastes
		1.5 Processing of Fish Waste
		1.6 Production of Biogas
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Outline of Fish Waste
		2.2 Study Area
		2.3 Fish Waste Issue in Dindigul District
		2.4 Technology Value Chain of Fish Wastes
		2.5 Treatment of Fish Waste
		2.6 Proximate Analysis of Fish Waste
		2.7 Biogas Slurry
		2.8 Nutrient Content of Bio-slurry
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Calibration of Gas Mixture in Online Biogas Analyzer
	4 Conclusion
	References
Efficient Valorization of Biomass: A Perspective on Overcoming Critical Skepticisms Surrounding the Commissioning of Functional 2G Bio-refineries
	1 The Fuel Crisis, and Global Investments in Bio-energy
	2 Various Nations Have Been Banking on Bio-ethanol Production
	3 2G Bio-ethanol, and the Cloud of Controversies Surrounding It
	4 Bio-fuels Suffer from a Dearth of Due Recognition
	5 A Hypothetical Scenario Analysis Explicates an Escalating 2G Bio-ethanol Versus Livestock Fodder Controversy
		5.1 Scenario 1: What if the Entire Global Agricultural Residues Were Used as Bio-refinery Feedstock?
		5.2 Scenario 2: What if the Globally Produced Agricultural Crop Residues Were Completely Utilized as Livestock Fodder?
	6 Unconventional/Municipal Waste Stream-derived Lignocelluloses as Alternate Feedstocks Mitigate Capital Investments, and Improve Bio-refineries’ Operational Bio-economy
		6.1 Food Wastes as a Potential Feedstock for Bio-energy Plants
		6.2 Vegetable and Fruit Wastes, and Kitchen Wastes are Proven to be Rich Sources of Fermentable Sugars
		6.3 Segregated Municipal Solid Wastes are Consistently Available
		6.4 Waste Papers are Cellulose-rich Wastes Seldom Entering the Recycle Chain
		6.5 Wastes from the Textile Industry Contain the Highest Quantity of Cellulose Per Unit Weight
		6.6 Biomedical Wastes,  Comprising Topical Dressing Wastes from Hospitals are Cellulose-dense, and They are Available All Year-long
		6.7 Algal Biomasses are a Potential Feedstock to Cater to the Production of Bio-energies
	7 Full-scale Circular Economical Bio-refineries Promise Socio-economic Sustainability, Quick, Secure, and Improved Market Returns
	8 Biomass Banks and Bio-refinery Co-operatives Provide a Futuristic Outlook
	9 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Microalgae for the Sustainable Production of Biohydrogen
	1 Introduction
	2 Microalgae
	3 Mechanisms of Biohydrogen Production
		3.1 Bio-photolysis
	4 Photo Synthetic Electrons and Hydrogenase
	5 Approaches for Cultivation of Microalgae
		5.1 Batch Cultivation for Microalgae
		5.2 Continuous Cultivation for Microalgae
	6 Photobioreactors
		6.1 Tubular Photobioreactors
		6.2 Helical Photobioreactor
		6.3 Vertical Photobioreactor
		6.4 Flat Panel Bioreactor
	7 Parameters Influencing the Production of Biohydrogen
		7.1 Light Intensity
		7.2 Density of Micro Algae
		7.3 Effect of Substrate on Biohydrogen Production
		7.4 Effect of pH on the Production of Biohydrogen
		7.5 Effect of Temperature on Biohydrogen Production
		7.6 Effect of Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Magnesium
	8 Metabolic Limitations and Bottlenecks
	9 Economic Evaluation
	10 Conclusions
	References
Social Accounting and Creditability of Biomass Resources Utilization in Various Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomass Utilization and SDG
		2.1 Environmental Impacts
		2.2 Economic Viability
		2.3 Societal Acceptance and Challenges
		2.4 Credibility Assessment
		2.5 SDGs Associated with Biomass Utilization
	3 Bioenergy Prospects
		3.1 Access to Clean Fuel
		3.2 Access to Electricity
		3.3 Access to Energy
	4 Biochemical Prospects
		4.1 Biofuels and Energy Generation
		4.2 Bioplastics and Sustainable Materials
		4.3 Biochemicals and Green Chemistry
		4.4 Waste-To-Energy and Circular Economy
		4.5 Algae and Aquatic Biomass
	5 Policy Framework for Social Inclusion
		5.1 Education and Training
		5.2 Employment Opportunities
		5.3 Women Empowerment
		5.4 Economic Setting
		5.5 Health and Safety Standards
	6 Conclusion
	References
Economic, Social, and Organizational Challenges in Biorefineries
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic Challenges
		2.1 Initial Investment and Infrastructure Costs
		2.2 Feedstock Availability, Cost, and Competition
		2.3 Market Dynamics and Uncertainties
		2.4 Policy and Regulatory Frameworks
		2.5 Prospects
	3 Social Challenges
		3.1 Public Perception and Acceptance of Biorefineries
		3.2 Environmental Concerns and Impacts
		3.3 Land-use Conflicts and Food Security
		3.4 Employment Opportunities and Labor Force Development
		3.5 Energy Security and the Role of Biorefineries in Achieving Global Sustainability Goals
	4 Process-related Challenges
		4.1 Integration of Biorefinery Processes with Existing Industries
		4.2 Optimization of Reaction Conditions and Catalysts
		4.3 Waste Minimization and Resource Efficiency
		4.4 Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		4.5 Advances in Separation and Purification Technologies
	5 Challenges and Lessons Learned from Deployments
		5.1 Innovative Process Designs and Strategies to Overcome Challenges
	References
Economic Feasibility of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic Approach
		2.1 Alcohol
		2.2 Catalyst
		2.3 Glycerol as By-product
		2.4 Product Purification
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Insights into Next-generation Biofuel Strategies and Policy Considerations in India
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Global Picture of Biofuels
		1.2 Sources of Biofuels and Factors Influencing Biofuel Production
		1.3 Biofuel Products
		1.4 Future Directions and Role of Global Energy Players
		1.5 Commercial and Economical Viabilities of Processes
		1.6 Policy Considerations
	2 Conclusion
	References
Economic Impact of Biomass Energy Use in the Service Sector: A Comparative Study on Various Crops and Technologies
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomass Production Effect on Economics
	3 Ethanol Production from Different Biomass Crop
	4 Biomass Used for Methanol Production
	5 Biomass Used for Hydrogen Production
	6 Economic Effects on Biofuel Production Technology for the Different Service Sectors
	7 Enzyme Technology
	8 Pyrolysis Technology
	9 Gasification Technology
	10 Catalytic Conversion
	11 Economics of Different Energy Sectors
	12 Conclusion
	References