Civil Engineering Materials for Transportation Infrastructure

Preface
Summary
Contents
1 Fundamentals of Civil Engineering Materials
	1.1 Classifications
	1.2 Mechanical Properties
		1.2.1 Deformation
		1.2.2 Stress and Strain
		1.2.3 Strength
		1.2.4 Elasticity
		1.2.5 Plasticity
		1.2.6 Toughness
		1.2.7 Brittleness
		1.2.8 Stiffness
		1.2.9 Ductility
		1.2.10 Hardness
		1.2.11 Viscosity
		1.2.12 Viscoelasticity
	1.3 Non-mechanical Properties
		1.3.1 Density
		1.3.2 Thermal Properties
		1.3.3 Surface Properties
		1.3.4 Water-Related Properties
		1.3.5 Durability
		1.3.6 Workability
	References
2 Aggregates
	2.1 Production of Aggregates
		2.1.1 Aggregate Sources
		2.1.2 Types of Rocks
		2.1.3 Physical Properties of Rocks
		2.1.4 Mechanical Properties of Rocks
		2.1.5 Chemical Properties of Rocks
		2.1.6 Crusher
	2.2 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates
		2.2.1 Sampling
		2.2.2 Sieve Analysis and Gradation
		2.2.3 Aggregate Size
		2.2.4 Moisture Condition
		2.2.5 Density
		2.2.6 Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregates
		2.2.7 Angularity and Flakiness
		2.2.8 Fractured Faces and Crushed Particle
	2.3 Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregates
		2.3.1 Crushing Value
		2.3.2 Impact Value
		2.3.3 Polished Stone Value
		2.3.4 Abrasion Value
		2.3.5 Soundness
	2.4 Alkali Reaction
	2.5 Properties of Fine Aggregates
		2.5.1 Density
		2.5.2 Unit Weight and Void Ratio
		2.5.3 Angularity
		2.5.4 Fineness Modulus
		2.5.5 Sand Equivalency
		2.5.6 Methylene Blue Test
	2.6 Filler
	2.7 Gradation Design
		2.7.1 Gradation Curves
		2.7.2 Gradation Theory
		2.7.3 Gradation Design
	References
3 Inorganic Binding Materials
	3.1 Lime
		3.1.1 Production
		3.1.2 Slaking and Hardening
		3.1.3 Properties
	3.2 Production of Cement
		3.2.1 Classification
		3.2.2 Production
		3.2.3 Composition
	3.3 Hydration of Cement
		3.3.1 Hydration Products
		3.3.2 Hydration Process
		3.3.3 Influencing Factors
	3.4 Properties of Cement
		3.4.1 Density
		3.4.2 Fineness
		3.4.3 Consistency
		3.4.4 Setting Time
		3.4.5 Soundness
		3.4.6 Strength
		3.4.7 Hydration Heat
		3.4.8 Voids
	3.5 Corrosion
		3.5.1 Soft Water Corrosion
		3.5.2 Sulfate Attack
		3.5.3 Magnesium Corrosion
		3.5.4 Carbonation
		3.5.5 Acid Corrosion
		3.5.6 Measures
	3.6 Supplementary Materials and Blended Cement
		3.6.1 Supplementary Materials
		3.6.2 Blended Cement
	References
4 Cement Concrete
	4.1 Classification and Composition
		4.1.1 Classification
		4.1.2 Composition
	4.2 Workability of Fresh Concrete
		4.2.1 Workability
		4.2.2 Influencing Factors
		4.2.3 Measures to Improve Workability
	4.3 Properties of Hardened Concrete
		4.3.1 Mesoscale Structure
		4.3.2 Strength of Concrete
		4.3.3 Strength Influencing Factors
		4.3.4 Stress–Strain Relationship
		4.3.5 Shrinkage
		4.3.6 Durability of Concrete
	4.4 Admixtures
		4.4.1 Water Reducers
		4.4.2 Air Entrainer
		4.4.3 Setting Adjuster
		4.4.4 Shrinkage Reducer
	4.5 Mix Design
		4.5.1 Information Collection
		4.5.2 Initial Formula
		4.5.3 Basic Formula
		4.5.4 Lab Formula
		4.5.5 Field Formula
		4.5.6 Water Reducer Adjustment
	References
5 Inorganic Binder Stabilized Materials
	5.1 Application and Classification
		5.1.1 Application
		5.1.2 Classification
	5.2 Stabilization Mechanism
		5.2.1 Cement Stabilized Material
		5.2.2 Lime Stabilized Material
		5.2.3 Lime and Industrial Waste Stabilized Material
	5.3 Mechanical Properties
		5.3.1 Unconfined Compression Test
		5.3.2 Resilience Modulus Test
		5.3.3 Split Tension Test
		5.3.4 Flexural Strength Test
		5.3.5 Fatigue Performance
	5.4 Shrinkage
		5.4.1 Tests of Shrinkage
		5.4.2 Drying Shrinkage Mechanism
		5.4.3 Thermal Shrinkage Mechanism
	5.5 Mix Design
		5.5.1 Design Procedure
		5.5.2 Requirements of Materials
		5.5.3 Requirements of Compaction
	References
6 Asphalt
	6.1 Classification and Production
		6.1.1 Classification
		6.1.2 Production
	6.2 Composition and Structure
		6.2.1 Composition
		6.2.2 Colloidal Structure
	6.3 Properties
		6.3.1 Physical Properties
		6.3.2 Penetration
		6.3.3 Viscosity
		6.3.4 Softening Point
		6.3.5 Brittle Point
		6.3.6 Ductility
		6.3.7 Adhesion
		6.3.8 Durability
		6.3.9 Safety
	6.4 Temperature Susceptibility
		6.4.1 Temperature Dependency
		6.4.2 Time–Temperature Equivalency
		6.4.3 Penetration Index
	6.5 Aging and Modification
		6.5.1 Aging
		6.5.2 Modification
	6.6 Penetration and Viscosity Grading
		6.6.1 Penetration Grading
		6.6.2 Viscosity Grading
	6.7 Performance Grading
		6.7.1 Equipment
		6.7.2 Testing Temperature
		6.7.3 PG Grades
		6.7.4 PG Tests
		6.7.5 Selection of PG Grades
	References
7 Asphalt Mixture
	7.1 Classification
		7.1.1 Type of Mixture
		7.1.2 Temperature
		7.1.3 Gradation
		7.1.4 Aggregate Size
	7.2 Composition and Strength
		7.2.1 Composition
		7.2.2 Strength Parameters
		7.2.3 Influencing Factors
	7.3 Properties and Tests
		7.3.1 High-Temperature Stability
		7.3.2 Low-Temperature Cracking
		7.3.3 Fatigue Performance
		7.3.4 Moisture Susceptibility
		7.3.5 Friction
	7.4 Volumetric Parameters
		7.4.1 Volumes in Mixture
		7.4.2 Calculation of Parameters
	7.5 Marshall Mixture Design
		7.5.1 Background
		7.5.2 Procedures
	7.6 Superpave Mixture Design
		7.6.1 Background
		7.6.2 Procedures
	7.7 Typical Mixtures
		7.7.1 Dense-Graded Mixtures
		7.7.2 Gap-Graded Mixtures
		7.7.3 Open-Graded Mixtures
		7.7.4 Poured Asphalt Mixtures
	7.8 Construction
		7.8.1 Manufacture
		7.8.2 Transportation
		7.8.3 Paving
		7.8.4 Compaction
		7.8.5 Recycling
	References
8 Steel
	8.1 Production
		8.1.1 Iron Production
		8.1.2 Steel Production
	8.2 Classification
		8.2.1 Deoxygenation
		8.2.2 Chemical Composition
		8.2.3 Applications
		8.2.4 Steels in Civil Engineering
	8.3 Chemical Composition
		8.3.1 Influence of Elements
		8.3.2 Metallography
	8.4 Mechanical Properties
		8.4.1 Strength
		8.4.2 Plasticity
		8.4.3 Cold Bending Property
		8.4.4 Impact Toughness
		8.4.5 Hardness
	8.5 Heat and Cold Treatment
		8.5.1 Heat Treatment
		8.5.2 Welding
		8.5.3 Cold Working
	8.6 Typical Structural Steel
		8.6.1 Hot-Rolled Steel Bar
		8.6.2 Cold-Rolled Ribbed Bar
		8.6.3 Hot-Rolled Reinforcing Bar for Prestressed Concrete
		8.6.4 Cold-Drawn Low Carbon Steel Bar
		8.6.5 Prestressed Steel Wire, Indented Steel Bar and Steel Strand
		8.6.6 Steel Sections
	8.7 Corrosion and Protection
		8.7.1 Corrosion
		8.7.2 Protection
	References