Cities and Urban Life

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Special Features
Preface
About the Authors
Part I Understanding the City Its Evolution
	Chapter 1 Exploring the City
		Why Study the City?
		Deciding What is “Urban”
		The Urban Transformation
			Urbanization as a Process
			Levels of Urbanization
			Urbanism as a Way of Life
		The Complexity of the City: Various Perspectives
			The City in History
			The Emergence of Urban Sociology
			Geography and Spatial Perspectives
			Critical Urban Theory: The City and Capitalism
			Urban Places and Behavior
			International Comparisons: The City and Culture
		The Anatomy of Modern North American Cities
		The City in Global Perspective
		The Quality of City Life
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activity
	Chapter 2 Evolution of the World’s Cities
		Urban Origins
			Archaeology: Digging the Early City
			The First Permanent Settlements
			The City Emerges
		City-States and Urban Empires
			Mesopotamia and North Africa
			The Indus Region
			China
			The Americas
			Summary: Traits of Early Cities
			Crete and Greece
			Rome
			Decline: The Middle Ages
			Revival: Medieval and Renaissance Cities
		The Rise of Modern Cities
		Case Study: London—The History of a World City
			Beginnings: 55 B.C.E.–1066 C.E.
			The Medieval City: 1066–1550
			The World City Emerges: 1550–1800
			Industrialization and Colonization: 1800–1900
			The Modern Era: 1900 to the Present
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 3 Development of North American Cities
		The Colonial Era, 1600–1800
			Characteristics of Colonial Cities
			The City-Instigated Revolutionary War
		Growth and Expansion, 1800–1870
			The Beginnings of Industrialization
			Urban–Rural/North–South Tensions
		The Era of the Great Metropolis, 1870–1950
			Technological Advance
			Suburbs and the Gilded Age
			The Great Migration
			Politics and Problems
			The Quality of Life in the New Metropolis
		Today’s North American Cities
			Decentralization
			The Sunbelt Expansion
		The Evolution of Megaregions
			Northeast Megaregion Assets
			Sunbelt Problems
		The Postindustrial City
			Deterioration and Regeneration
			The Future
			The Human Cost of Economic Restructuring
		Case Study: New York—The “Big Apple”
			The Colonial Era
			Growth and Expansion
			The Great Metropolis Emerges
			New York Today
			Economic Resiliency
			Upgrading the City
			Changing Population
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 4 Today’s Cities and Suburbs
		Urban and Suburban Sprawl
			What Is Sprawl?
			Why Do We Have Sprawl?
			Consequences of Sprawl
		Smart Growth
			Land Purchases
			Urban Growth Boundaries
			Revitalizing Existing Cities and Towns
			Transit-Oriented Approaches
			Greening Our Cities
		Exurbs
		The New Cities
			Characteristics and Commonalities
			Types of New Cities
			Evolving Middle-Class Centers
			Three New City Variations
		Gated Communities
			Types of Gated Communities
			A Sense of Community
		Common-Interest Developments
		Case Study: Portland, Oregon
			The Physical Setting
			History
			Urban Decline and Anti-Sprawl Planning
			Portland Today
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
Part II Disciplinary Perspectives
	Chapter 5 Urban Sociology Classic and Modern Statements
		The European Tradition, 1846–1921
			Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: From Barbarism to Civilization
			Ferdinand Tönnies: From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft
			Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
			Georg Simmel: The Mental Life of the Metropolis
			Max Weber: The Historical and Comparative Study of Cities
			The European Tradition: An Evaluation
		Urban Sociology in North America, 1915–1970
			Robert Park: Sociology at the University of Chicago
			Louis Wirth: Urban Theory
			Herbert Gans: The Urban Mosaic
			Wirth and Gans: A Comparison
			Claude Fischer and Subcultural Theory
		Classic Theories and Modern Research
			Tolerance in the City
			Impersonality in the City
			Density and Urban Pathology
			Urban Malaise
			New Directions in Urban Sociology
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 6 Spatial Perspectives Making Sense of Space
		Urban Geography
			The Location of Cities
			Why Cities Are Where They Are
		The Shape of the City
			The Radiocentric City
			The Gridiron City
		Urban Ecology
			Concentric Zones
			Sectors
			Multiple Nuclei
			Limitations
		The Economics of Land Use
			Central Place Theory
			General Pattern of Land Use
			Limitations
		Social Area Analysis and Mapping
			GIS Mapping
			Limitations
		The Los Angeles School: Postmodernism
			Building Blocks
			Main Arguments
			Limitations
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 7 Critical Urban Theory The City and Capitalism
		Urban Political Economy
			Redefining the Study of Cities
			Urban Areas as Themed Environments
			The Baltimore Study
			Updating Marx
			Logan and Molotch: Urban Growth Machines
		Evolution of a Global Economy
			Deindustrialization
			Economic Restructuring
			World-Systems Analysis
			Scott: City-Regions and the Global Economy
			The Nested City
		Critical Urban Theory: Four Principles
		The Urbanization of Poverty
			The Developing World
			The Developed World
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 8 The Context of Cities The Urban Experience
		The Physical Environment
			The Image of the City
			Cognitive Mapping
		The Social Environment: Gesellschaft
			The Pedestrian: Watching Your Step
			A World of Strangers
			The City as Gesellschaft: A Reassessment
		The Social Environment: Gemeinschaft
			Urban Networks
			Identifying with the City
			The City as Gemeinschaft: A Reassessment
		The Texture of the City
		Humanizing the City
		Social Movements and City Life
		Suburban Life
			The Stereotypes
			The Physical Environment
			The Social Environment
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 9 Comparative Urbanism The City and Culture
		The City and the Countryside
			Interdependencies
			Urban Dominance
		The City and Civilization
			The “Soul” of the City
			The City as the Center of Civilization
			The Civic Culture of the City
		The City and Societal Culture
		Case Study: Ming Beijing
			Physical Structure
			Symbolism
		Case Study: Hellenic Athens
			The Preclassical Period
			The Golden Age
			Behind the Glory
		Ming Beijing and Athens: A Comparison
		The Culture of Capitalism and the City
			The Capitalist City
			The Industrial Revolution
			Urban Life as Economics
			Assets and Debits
		Case Study: Communist–Capitalist Beijing
			Urban Life as Politics
			Economic Reform and Environmental Issues
			A Rising Consumerism
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
Part III The Structure of the City
	Chapter 10 Stratification and Social Class Urban and Suburban Lifestyles
		Social Stratification
			Social Class Distinctions
			Income Distribution Nationwide
			Incomes Within and Outside Cities
			Wealth and Net Worth
			Poverty Nationwide
			Poverty Within and Outside Cities
			A Cautionary Note
		Urban Social Class Diversity
			Upper-Class Urban Neighborhoods
			Middle-Class Urban Neighborhoods
			Working-Class Urban Neighborhoods
			Mixed-Income Urban Neighborhoods
			Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods
			The Homeless
		Suburban Social Class Diversity
			Upper-Income Suburbs
			Middle-Income Suburbs
			Working-Class Suburbs
			Suburban Cosmopolitan Centers
			Minority Suburbs
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 11 Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Urban Diversity
		Cities and Immigrants
			Ethnic Enclaves and Ethnic Identity
			Ethnic Change
		Racial and Ethnic Minorities
			Blacks
			Asians and Pacific Islanders
			Hispanics
			Muslims
			Native Peoples
		Women and Urban Life
			Work
			Urban Space
			The Public Sphere
		Case Study: Chicago, “City of the Big Shoulders”
			Early Chicago
			The Burning and Rebuilding of Chicago
			Jane Addams and Hull House
			Immigrant Aid
			Social Activism
			Early Feminism
			Chicago in the Early Twentieth Century
			The Postwar Period
			The Chicago Machine
			Ordered Segmentation
			Chicago Today
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 12 Housing, Education, Crime Confronting Urban Problems
		Housing: A Place to Live
			Adequate Housing: Who Has It?
			Housing Problems: A Brief History
			Public Housing
			Deterioration and Abandonment in the Inner City
			The Great Recession and Foreclosures
			The Inner City Today: A Revival?
			The New Urbanism
			HOPE VI Program
		Education: The Urban Challenge
			Meeting the “No Child Left Behind” Challenge
			Magnet Schools
			School Vouchers
			Charter Schools
		Crime: Perception and Reality
			Public Perception of Crime
			Explaining High-Crime Areas
			Effects of Crime on Everyday Life
			What Is the Solution?
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
Part IV Global Urban Developments
	Chapter 13 Global Urbanization
		African Cities
			Early Cities
			European Dominance
			Modern Cities
		Asian Cities
			China
			India
			Japan
			Southeast Asia
		Latin American Cities
			European Dominance
			Modern Cities
		Middle Eastern Cities
			Early Islamic Cities
			Modern Cities
		Common Problems
			Spiraling Populations
			Quality of Life
			Environment
			Shantytowns
		European Cities
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
	Chapter 14 Urban Planning Past, Present, and Future
		Past Visions
			Why Plan?
			Garden Cities
			The “City Beautiful” Movement
		The New Towns Movement
			British New Towns
			New Towns Worldwide
			New Towns in North America
			What Makes New Towns Succeed or Fail?
		Twentieth-Century Large-Scale Visions
			The Radiant City
			Broadacre City
			The Arcology
			Try-2004
			Utopia’s Limitations
		Twentieth-Century Small-Scale Visions
			Sidewalks and Neighborhoods
			Squares and Parks
			Placemaking
			Festival Marketplaces
		The Future of Cities
			Possibilities
			Limitations
		Case Study: Toronto, Ontario
			The Physical Setting
			History
			Creation of a Metropolitan Government
			Two Phases of Urban Planning
			Toronto Today
		Summary
		Conclusion
		Discussion Questions
		Internet Activities
Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Index
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