Chondrosarcoma. Biology and Clinical Management

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Biology of Chondrosarcoma
	1: Pathology of Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
		Primary Conventional Chondrosarcoma (80–90% of Chondrosarcomas)
		Secondary Chondrosarcoma
		Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
		Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
		Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
		References
	2: Advances in the Molecular Biology of Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
		Frequently Amplified or Deleted Genes in CS
		Frequently Mutated Genes and Signaling Pathways in CS
		Fusion Genes in CS
		Epigenetic Alterations in CS
		Integrated Genomic Approaches in CS
		Mouse Models of CS
		Genetic Pathways and Targets in CS
			Immunotherapy of CS
		Conclusion
		References
	3: Imaging Features of Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
		Central Chondrosarcoma
		Secondary Chondrosarcoma
		Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
		Periosteal Chondrosarcoma
		Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
		Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
		Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
		References
Part II: Skeletal and Extraskeletal Chondrosarcoma
	4: Chondrosarcomas: Conventional and Secondary
		Introduction
		Conventional Chondrosarcoma
			Clinical Presentation
			Imaging Characteristics
			Pathology, Treatment, and Prognosis
		Secondary Chondrosarcoma
			Clinical Presentation
			Imaging Characteristics
			Pathology
			Genetics and Mutations
			Surveillance, Prognosis, and Treatment
		Rare Chondrosarcoma Subtypes
		References
	5: Primary Soft Tissue Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
			Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
				History
				Epidemiology
				Presentation and Diagnosis
				Staging
				Treatment
					Systemic Therapy
					Radiation Therapy
					Surgery
				Outcomes
			Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
				History
				Epidemiology
				Presentation and Diagnosis
				Staging
				Treatment
					Systemic Therapy
					Radiation Therapy
					Surgery
				Outcomes
		References
Part III: Management of Chondrosarcoma
	6: Chondrosarcoma of the Axial Skeleton
		Introduction
		Classification
		Histology
		Pathology
		Imaging
		Treatment
			Chemotherapy
			Radiation
		Surgery
		Patient Case
		Conclusion
		References
	7: Chondrosarcoma of the Appendicular Skeleton
		Epidemiology
			Histologic Subtypes
		Diagnosis and Staging
			Initial Workup
			Imaging
			Biopsy and Histology
		Chondrosarcoma Treatment
			Treatment of Grade 1 Disease
			Treatment of High-Grade and Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
			Treatment of Recurrent Chondrosarcoma
			Treatment of Appendicular Chondrosarcoma with Pathologic Fracture
		Oncologic Reconstruction
			Allograft and Allograft-Prosthetic Composite
			Free Fibula Grafts
			Endoprosthetic Reconstruction
			Bone Transport and Distraction Osteogenesis
		Chondrosarcoma of the Hand and Foot
			Chondrosarcoma of the Hand
			Chondrosarcoma of the Foot
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	8: Chondrosarcoma of the Hand
		Introduction
		Clinical Presentation
		Imaging
		Advanced Imaging
		Histology
		Treatment and Outcomes
		Treatment to Preserve Function
		Juxtacortical (Periosteal) or Extraosseous Chondrosarcoma
		Metastasis
		Maffucci’s and Ollier’s Disease
		Differential Diagnosis
		Discussion
		References
	9: Chondrosarcoma of the Clavicle
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestation
		Imaging
		Biopsy and Histology
		Metastasis
		Treatment and Outcomes
		Reconstruction
		Conclusions and Perspective
		References
	10: Radiation Therapy for Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
		Role of Radiation Therapy (RT): An Overview
		Radiotherapy Considerations
			Surgical Approach and Tumor Location
			Histologic Grade and Subtype
			Biological Considerations
			Pre-radiotherapy Evaluation
		Skull Base Chondrosarcoma
			Role of Surgery and Radiation
			Radiation Delivery Modalities
			Radiation Field Design
		Spine Chondrosarcoma
			Role of Surgery and Radiation
			Dosing and Field Design
			Radiation Toxicity and Dose Constraints
			Pattern of Failure and Prognosis
		Pelvic Chondrosarcoma
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	11: Systemic Therapy for Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
		Molecular Pathogenesis
		Adjuvant Chemotherapy
		Treatment of Metastatic Disease
			Chemotherapy
		Novel Therapy
			VEGFR Inhibitor
			Src Inhibitor
			IDH1/2 Inhibitor
			Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor
		Immunotherapy
		Conclusion
		References
	12: Vascular Issues in Complex Surgical Resection of Chondrosarcoma
		Introduction
			Imaging
			Preoperative Considerations
			Operative Exposures
				Midline/Paramedian Incision
				Iliofemoral/Rutherford Morrison Incision
				Thoracoabdominal Incision
			Vascular Reconstruction
			Postoperative Care
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Part IV: The Future of Chondrosarcoma Research and Treatment
	13: The Future of Chondrosarcoma Research and Treatment
		Introduction
		Targeted Therapies
			IDH Inhibitors
			Angiogenesis Inhibitors
			Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors
			Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway
			Osteoclast Inhibitors
		Epigenetic Inhibitors
			Hypomethylating Agents
			Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitor
		Immunotherapy
		Conclusion
		References
Index