China’s Trade Policy In Latin America: Puzzles, Transformations And Impacts

Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I: China and Latin American Countries Trade Policy
	Evolution of China´s Trade Policy: From the WTO Accession to Preferential Trade Agreements
		1 An Overview of China´s PTAs
			1.1 An Overview of the Development of China´s PTAs
			1.2 The Features of the Development of China´s PTAs
		2 Motivations behind China´s PTA Engagements
		3 The Main Challenges of China´s PTA Policy under the New Situation
			3.1 The Continuous Emergence of Competitive Regional Agreements Worldwide
			3.2 Establishment of ``Free Trade Network among Free Countries´´ by the United States
			3.3 The New International Economic and Trade Rules Set by Advanced Economies
		References
	Latin American Trade Policy: Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru
		1 Introduction
		2 Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru
		3 Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru in Latin American Integration
		4 Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru in Multilateralism
		5 Chile, Costa Rica, Peru, and the Big Players in the World of Commerce
		6 Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru in Trade and their Challenges
		7 Conclusions
		References
Part II: China´s Trade Policy Towards Latin America
	Development and Assessment of Sino-Latin America and the Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation
		1 Development of Sino-Latin America and the Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation
		2 Contemporary and Future Trade Between CLAC
			2.1 Contemporary CLAC Trade
			2.2 Future CLAC Trade
		3 The Present and Future of CLAC Trade in Services
			3.1 Present-Day CLAC Trade in Services
			3.2 The Potentiality of CLAC Trade in Services
		4 The Present and Future of CLAC Investment Cooperation
			4.1 Latin American Investment in China
			4.2 China´s Investment in Latin America
		5 The Plausible Choice to Improve CLAC Economic and Trade Cooperation
		References
	Chinese Export Promotion Policies Toward Latin America: The Belt and Road Initiative
		1 Introduction
		2 Export Promotion Policies
		3 An Overview on Chinese Export Promotion Policies Within Industrial Policy
		4 Belt and Road Initiative as an Export Promotion Policy
		5 Final Remarks
		References
Part III: Assessing China´s Trade Impacts in Pacific Alliance Countries
	The Peru-China FTA
		1 Context
		2 The Beginning
		3 The Free Trade Agreement
		4 Harnessing the FTA
		5 Looking to the Future
		6 Conclusions
		Appendix: List of Experts Interviewed
		References
	Costa Rica-China Free Trade Agreement: Analysis of the Results from the First 10 Years of the Agreement
		1 Introduction
		2 Costa Rica: China Relations
		3 International Cooperation for the Development of China in Costa Rica
		4 Costa Rica-China Commercial Exchange
		5 Costa Rica´s Imports from China
		6 Rice, a Particular Case
		7 Costa Rica´s Exports to China
		8 Evolution of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Costa Rica
		9 Conclusions
		References
	The Complex Trade Relations between China, Mexico, and the United States: A Geopolitical Approach
		1 Introduction: Trade Relations between China and Mexico
		2 China, Mexico, and the United States: Geopolitical Factors behind Trade Relations
		3 The Trade Relations between Mexico and China
			3.1 Exports of Goods from Mexico to China
			3.2 Exports of Goods from China to Mexico
			3.3 Trade Balance
		4 Mexico as a Platform: Possibilities for Chinese FDI in Mexico to Balance the Trade Deficit
			4.1 Labor Costs China Versus Mexico
			4.2 Global Value Chains that Include China, Mexico, and the United States
			4.3 China and the Mexican Export Success in Latin America and beyond
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Emerging Agenda
	Trade Facilitation Under the Pacific Alliance Framework: Seaports Case
		1 Introduction
		2 Trade Facilitation Concept
		3 Trade Facilitation Under the Pacific Alliance Framework
		4 Areas of Trade Facilitation Being Done Under the Framework of the Pacific Alliance
			4.1 Single Window for Foreign Trade (VUCE)
			4.2 Disclosure of Facilitation and Mutual Assistance Standards
			4.3 Optimization of the Dispatch of Goods in Ports
		5 Trade Facilitation Indicators of the Pacific Alliance members
		6 Case Study on Trade Facilitation in the Seaports of the Pacific Alliance
		7 Final Remarks
		References
	Agricultural Trade and Investments between Latin America and China: Development, Implications, and Challenges
		1 Introduction
		2 Overview of Sino-Latin American Agricultural Trade and Investments
			2.1 Evolution of Agricultural Trade between China and Latin America
			2.2 Chinese Agricultural Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Latin America
			2.3 Implications of Agricultural Trade with China for Latin America
		3 Agricultural-Related Content from Free Trade Agreements and Economic Cooperation Forums
			3.1 China-Chile Free Trade Agreement
			3.2 China-Peru Free Trade Agreement
			3.3 China-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement
		4 Implications of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Sino-Latin American Agricultural Trade
		5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	An Analysis of E-commerce Provisions in Sino-Latin American Relations
		1 Introduction
		2 China´s Digital Trade Development
			2.1 The Initial Stage (1996-2000)
			2.2 The Accelerated Development Stage (2000-2007)
			2.3 The Standardization Stage (2008-2014)
			2.4 Globalization Stage (2014-present)
		3 Latin America´s Digital Trade Development
			3.1 Latin America Commitments on Digital Trade
			3.2 The Digital Economy Partnership Agreement
		4 Digital Economy in China: Latin America Relations
			4.1 Analysis China FTAs
		5 Final Remarks
		References
Part V: Challenges
	China-LAC Countries´ ``Belt and Road´´ Cooperation in the Post-Pandemic Era: BRI in Transformation
		1 China-LAC Pre-pandemic BRI Cooperation
			1.1 BRI and the Joining of LAC Countries
			1.2 Achievements of BRI Jointly Built by China and LAC Countries
		2 LAC Economic and Social Stagnation during the COVID-19 Pandemic
			2.1 The COVID-19 Pandemic in LAC
			2.2 Pandemic Fighting Cooperation Between China and LAC Countries
		3 Transformation of the Joint Construction of the Belt and Road Between China and LAC in the Post-Pandemic Era
			3.1 Accelerate the Joint Construction of the BRI Driven by the Promotion of LAC Integration
			3.2 Responding to the Domestic Political Risks of LAC Countries
			3.3 Taking the Opportunity of Cooperation on Fighting the Pandemic to Promote Cooperation in All Fields of BRI
			3.4 Transformation and Challenges of Economic and Trade Cooperation
		References
	Challenges in Future China-Latin America and the Caribbean (CLAC) Relations
		1 The Challenges of Building a More Sustainable CLAC Economic Relations
		2 The Political Challenges in Improving of Overall CLAC Cooperation
		3 The Challenges of Geopolitics and International System
		4 Conclusion
		References