Children

Title
Contents
SECTION 1 THE NATURE OF CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT
	1 Introduction
		Images of Children’s Development The Stories of Ted Kaczynski and Alice Walker
		Why Is Caring for Children Important?
			The Importance of Studying Children’s Development
			Improving the Lives of Children
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Luis Vargas, Clinical Child Psychologist
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Gender, Families, and Children’s Development
		What Are Some Historical Views of Child Development?
			Early Views of Childhood
			The Modern Study of Child Development
		What Characterizes Development?
			Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes
			Periods of Development
			Issues in Development
		How Is Child Development a Science?
			The Importance of Research
			Theories of Child Development
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Strategies for Parenting, Educating, and Interacting with Children Based on Erikson’s Theory
			Research Methods for Collecting Data
			Research Designs
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Research Journals
			Research Challenges
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Pam Reid, Educational and Development Psychologist
		Reach Your Learning Goals
		A P P E N D I X : Careers in Children’s Development
		Education and Research
			College/University Professor
			Researcher
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Valerie Pang, Professor of Teacher Education
			Elementary School Teacher
			Exceptional Children (Special Education) Teacher
			Early Childhood Educator
			Preschool/Kindergarten Teacher
			Family and Consumer Science Educator
			Educational Psychologist
			School Psychologist
		Clinical and Counseling
			Clinical Psychologist
			Psychiatrist
			Counseling Psychologist
			School Counselor
			Career Counselor
			Social Worker
			Drug Counselor
		Medical, Nursing, and Physical Development
			Obstetrician/Gynecologist
			Pediatrician
			Neonatal Nurse
			Nurse-Midwife
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Katherine Duchen Smith, Nurse and Child-Care Health Consultant
			Pediatric Nurse
			Audiologist
			Speech Therapist
			Genetic Counselor
		Families and Relationships
			Child Welfare Worker
			Child Life Specialist
			Marriage and Family Therapist
SECTION 2 BEGINNINGS
	2 Biological Beginnings
		Images of Children’s Development The Story of the Jim and Jim Twins
		What Is the Evolutionary Perspective?
			Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior
			Evolutionary Psychology
		What Are the Genetic Foundations of Development?
			The Collaborative Gene
			Genes and Chromosomes
			Genetic Principles
			Chromosomal and Gene-Linked Abnormalities
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Holly Ishmael, Genetic Counselor
		What Are Some Reproductive Challenges and Choices?
			Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
			Infertility and Reproductive Technology
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT In Vitro Fertilization and Developmental Outcomes in Adolescence
			Adoption
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT The Increased Diversity of Adopted Children and Adoptive Parents
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Parenting Adopted Children
		How Do Heredity and Environment Interact? The Nature-Nurture Debate
			Behavior Genetics
			Heredity-Environment Correlations
			Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences
			The Epigenetic View and Gene
				Environment (G 3 E) Interaction
			Conclusions About Heredity-Environment Interaction
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	3 Prenatal Development
		Images of Children’s Development The Story of Mr. Littles
		What Is the Course of Prenatal Development?
			The Germinal Period
			The Embryonic Period
		The Fetal Period
		The Brain
		What Are Some Important Strategies that Enhance the Expectant Mothers’ Health Prenatal Care?
			The Expectant Mother’s Nutrition, Weight Gain, and Exercise
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Exercise Guidelines for Expectant Mothers
			Prenatal Care
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Rachel Thompson, Obstetrician/ Gynecologist
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Cultural Beliefs About Pregnancy
		What Are Some Potential Hazards to Prenatal Development?
			Some General Principles
			Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs
			Psychoactive Drugs
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Expectant Mothers’ Cigarette Smoking and Cigarette Smoking by Their Adolescent Offspring
			Incompatible Blood Types
			Environmental Hazards
			Maternal Diseases
			Other Parental Factors
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	4 Birth
		Images of Children’s Development Tanner Roberts’ Birth: A Fantastic Voyage
		What Happens During the Birth Process?
			Stages of the Birth Process
			Childbirth Setting and Attendants
			Methods of Childbirth
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Linda Pugh, Perinatal Nurse
			CARING FOR CHILDREN From Waterbirth to Music Therapy
			The Transition from Fetus to Newborn
		What Are Some Measures of Neonatal Health and Responsiveness?
		How Do Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants Develop?
			Preterm and Small for Date Infants
		DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Incidence and Causes of Low Birth Weight Around the World
		Consequences of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight
		Nurturing Preterm Infants
		RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Tiffany Field’s Research on Massage Therapy
		What Happens During the Postpartum Period?
			Physical Adjustments
			Emotional and Psychological Adjustments
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Diane Sanford, Clinical Psychologist and Postpartum Expert
			Bonding
		Reach Your Learning Goals
SECTION 3 INFANCY
	5 Physical Development in Infancy
		Images of Children’s Development The Stories of Latonya and Ramona: Breast and Bottle Feeding in Africa
		How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?
			Patterns of Growth
			Height and Weight
			The Brain
			Sleep
			Nutrition
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Improving the Nutrition of Infants and Young Children Living in Low-Income Families
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT T. Berry Brazelton, Pediatrician
			Health
		How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?
			The Dynamic Systems View
			Reflexes
			Gross Motor Skills
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Cultural Variations in Guiding Infants’ Motor Development
			Fine Motor Skills
		How Can Infants’ Sensory and Perceptual Development Be Characterized?
			What Are Sensation and Perception?
			The Ecological View
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Studying the Newborn’s Perception
			Visual Perception
			Other Senses
			Intermodal Perception
		Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development
		Perceptual-Motor Coupling
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	6 Cognitive Development in Infancy
		Images of Children’s Development The Stories of Laurent, Lucienne, and Jacqueline
		What Is Piaget’s Theory of Infant Development?
			Cognitive Processes
			The Sensorimotor Stage
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Object Permanence and Causality
			Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
		How Do Infants Learn, Remember, and Conceptualize?
			Conditioning
			Attention
			Memory
			Imitation
			Concept Formation and Categorization
		How Are Individual Differences in Infancy Assessed, and Do These Assessments Predict Intelligence?
			Measures of Infant Development
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Toosje Thyssen Van Beveren, Infant Assessment Specialist
			Predicting Intelligence
		What Are Some Early Environmental Influences on Cognitive Development?
			Nutrition
			Poverty
			Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development
			Perceptual-Motor Coupling
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	7 Socioemotional Development in Infancy
		Images of Children’s Development The Story of Darius’ Fathering
		How Do Emotions and Personality Develop in Infancy?
			Emotional Development
			Temperament
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Parenting and the Child’s Temperament
			Personality Development
		How Do Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment Develop in Infancy?
			Social Orientation/Understanding
			Attachment and Its Development
			Individual Differences in Attachment
			Caregiving Styles and Attachment
			Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment
		How Do Social Contexts Influence Socioemotional Development in Infancy?
			The Family
			Child Care
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Child-Care Policies Around the World
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Rashmi Nakhre, Child-Care Director
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT A National Longitudinal Study of Child Care
		Reach Your Learning Goals
SECTION 4 EARLY CHILDHOOD
	8 Physical Development in Early Childhood
		Images of Children’s Development The Story of Teresa Amabile and Her Art
		How Does a Young Child’s Body and Brain Grow and Change?
			Height and Weight
			The Brain
		How Do Young Children’s Motor Skills Develop?
			Gross and Fine Motor Skills
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Supporting Young Children’s Motor Development
			Young Children’s Artistic Drawings
			Handedness
		What Are Some Important Aspects of Young Children’s Health?
			Sleep and Sleep Problems
			Nutrition
		RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Physical Activity in Young Children Attending Preschools
		Health, Safety, and Illness
		CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Barbara Deloin, Pediatric Nurse
		DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT The State of Illness and Health in the World’s Children
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	9 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
		Images 0f Children’s Development The Story of Reggio Emilia’s Children
		What Are Three Views of the Cognitive Changes That Occur in Early Childhood?
			Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
			Vygotsky’s Theory
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Tools of the Mind
			Information Processing
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Suggesting False Events to Children
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Helen Schwe, Developmental Psychologist and Toy Designer
		How Do Young Children Develop Language?
			Understanding Phonology and Morphology
			Changes in Syntax and Semantics
			Advances in Pragmatics
			Young Children’s Literacy
		What Are Some Important Features of Young Children’s Education?
			Variations in Early Childhood Education
			Educating Young Children Who Are Disadvantaged
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Yolanda Garcia, Director of Children’s Services/Head Start
			Controversies in Early Childhood Education
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Early Childhood Education in Japan and Developing Countries
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	10 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
		Images of Children’s Development Craig Lesley’s Complicated Early Emotional and Social Life
		What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?
			The Self
			Emotional Development
			Moral Development
			Gender
		What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?
			Parenting
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Marital Conflict, Individual Hostility, and the Use of Physical Punishment
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Darla Botkin, Marriage and Family Therapist
			Child Maltreatment
			Sibling Relationships and Birth Order
			The Changing Family in a Changing Social World
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Communicating with Children About Divorce
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Acculturation and Ethnic Minority Parenting
		How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?
			Peer Relations
			Play
			Television
		Reach Your Learning Goals
SECTION 5 MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
	11 Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
		Images of Children’s Development The Story of Angie and Her Weight
		What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, the Brain, and Motor Development?
			Skeletal and Muscular Systems
			The Brain
			Motor Development
		What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
			Nutrition
			Exercise and Sports
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Parents and Children’s Sports
			Overweight Children
			Diseases
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Heart Smart
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Sharon McLeod, Child Life Specialist
			Accidents and Injuries
		What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
			Who Are Children with Disabilities?
			The Range of Disabilities
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Sharla Peltier, Speech Pathologist
			Educational Issues
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Disproportionate Representation of Students in Special Education
		Reach Your Leaning Goals
	12 Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
		Images of Children’s Development Marva Collins, Challenging Children to Achieve What Is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood?
			Concrete Operational Thought
			Evaluating Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
			Applications to Education
		What Is the Nature of Children’s Information Processing?
			Memory
			Thinking
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Strategies for Increasing Children’s Creative Thinking
			Metacognition
		How Can Children’s Intelligence Be Described?
			Intelligence and Its Assessment
			Types of Intelligence
			The Neuroscience of Intelligence
			Interpreting Differences in IQ Scores
			Extremes of Intelligence
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Sterling Jones, Supervisor of Gifted and Talented Education
		What Changes in Language Development Occur in Middle and Late Childhood?
			Vocabulary, Grammar, and Metalinguistic Awareness
			Reading
			Bilingualism and Second-Language Learning
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Bilingual Education
		What Characterizes Children’s Achievement?
			Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
			Mastery Motivation and Mindset
			Self-Efficacy
			Goal Setting, Planning, and Self- Regulation
			Social Relationships and Contexts
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Children’s Math Achievement in the United States, China, Taiwan, and Japan
		Reach Your Leaning Goals
	13 Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
		Images of Children’s Development Stories from the South Bronx and Pax, a Make- Believe Planet
		What Is the Nature of Emotional and Personality Development in Middle and Late Childhood?
			The Self
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Increasing Children’s Self-Esteem
			Emotional Development
			Moral Development
			Gender
		What Are Some Changes in Parenting and Families in Middle and Late Childhood?
			Developmental Changes in Parent-Child Relationships
			Parents as Managers
			Stepfamilies
		What Changes Characterize Peer Relationships in Middle and Late Childhood?
			Developmental Changes
			Peer Status
			Social Cognition
			Bullying
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT The Perspective Taking and Moral Motivation of Bullies, Bully-Victims, Victims, and Prosocial Children
			Friends
		What Are Some Important Aspects of Schools?
			Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning
			Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT The New Hope Intervention Program
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT James Comer, Child Psychiatrist
		Reach Your Learning Goals
SECTION 6 ADOLESCENCE
	14 Physical Development in Adolescence
		Images of Children’s Development Latisha, Arnie, and Katie
		What Is the Nature of Adolescence?
			Positive and Negative Views of Adolescence
			Developmental Transitions
		What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?
			Sexual Maturation, Height, and Weight
			Hormonal Changes
			Timing and Variations in Puberty
			Psychological Dimensions of Puberty
			The Brain
		What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?
			Developing a Sexual Identity
			Timing and Trends in Adolescent Sexual Behavior
			Sexual Risk Taking in Adolescence
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adolescent Pregnancy
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Lynn Blankenship, Family and Consumer Science Educator
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy
		How Can Adolescents’ Health and Health- Enhancing Assets Be Characterized?
			Adolescent Health
			Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence
			Substance Use and Abuse
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Evaluation of a Family Program Designed to Reduce Drinking and Smoking in Young Adolescents
			Eating Problems and Disorders
			Risk Factors, Developmental Assets, and Social Capital
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	15 Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Images of Children’s Development Kim-Chi and Thuy
		How Do Adolescents Think and Process Information?
			Piaget’s Theory
			Adolescent Egocentrism
			Information Processing
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Laura Bickford, Secondary School Teacher
		What Characterizes Adolescents’ Values, Moral Education, and Religion?
			Values
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Evaluating a Service-Learning Program Designed to Increase Civic Engagement
			Moral Education
			Religion
		What Is the Nature of Schools for Adolescents?
			The American Middle School
			The American High School
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Secondary Schools
			High School Dropouts
			CARING FOR CHILDREN The “I Have a Dream” Program
		How Do Adolescents Experience Career Development?
			Views of Career Development
			Exploration, Decision Making, and Planning
			Sociocultural Influences
			CAREERS IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Armando Ronquillo, High School Counselor/College Advisor
		Reach Your Learning Goals
	17 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
		Images of Children’s Development Jewel Cash, Teen Dynamo
		What Characterizes Emotional and Personality Development in Adolescence?
			Self-Esteem
			Identity
			Emotional Development
		What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?
			Autonomy and Attachment
			Parent-Adolescent Conflict
			CARING FOR CHILDREN Strategies for Parenting Adolescents
		What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
			Friendship
			Peer Groups
			Dating and Romantic Relationships
		Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?
			Cross-Cultural Comparisons
			DIVERSITY IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT How Adolescents Around the World Spend Their Time
			Ethnicity
			Media and Technology
		What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
			Juvenile Delinquency
			Depression and Suicide
			CAREERS IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT Rodney Hammond, Health Psychologist
			The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs
			RESEARCH IN CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Fast Track
		Reach Your Learning Goals
Glossary
References
Credits
Index