Children in Conflict with the Law: Rights, Research and Progressive Youth Justice (Palgrave Critical Studies in Human Rights and Criminology)

Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
	Bibliography
2 Children in Conflict with the Law: The Rights-Based Framework
	Introduction
	The General Principles of Children’s Rights
		Non-discrimination
		The Best Interests of the Child
		The Right to Life, Survival and Development
		The Right to Be Heard
	Children’s Rights Applied to Children in Conflict with the Law
		The Importance of Parents and Family Care
		Special Protection for the Rights of Children with Disabilities
		Prevention, Reintegration and the Right to Education
		Health Rights and Children in Conflict with the Law
		Protection from Harm
	The Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law
		Youth Justice Processes and Children’s Rights
		Specialisation and Community-Based Services
		Fulfilling Children’s Rights Through Opportunities for Diversion
		Age Limits and Children in Conflict with the Law
	Implementation of Children’s Rights in the Justice System
	The Rights-Based Framework
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
3 Prevention
	Introduction
	Child Development and Offending Behaviour
		Understanding Child Development and Behaviour
		Child Development and Offending Trajectories
			The Multi-faceted Nature of Young People’s Involvement in Offending
	Non-discrimination and Disproportionate Contact
		Race and Ethnicity
		Gender
		Children with Care Experience
		Children with Disabilities
	Marginalisation of Children and the Right to Be Heard
	The Role of Health and Access to Healthcare
		Mental Health
		Substance Use
	Educational Engagement and the School Environment
	Protection from Harm
		Adverse Childhood Experiences and Childhood Trauma
		Victimisation and Exploitation
			Gangs and Criminal Exploitation
	Access to an Adequate Standard of Living
		The Importance of Communities
		Poverty and Homelessness
	The Importance of Family Care
	Rest, Leisure and the Role of Peers
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
4 Diversion and Justice
	Introduction
	Diversion
		Prevention and Early Intervention
		Diversion
			Approaches to Diversion
			Impact of Diversion
			Diversion as a Means of Supporting Positive Outcomes for Children
	Justice
		Police Investigation
		The Court Process
			Enhancing Children’s Participation in Court Processes
			Right to Information and Legal Advice
			The Role of the Judge
			The Physical Environment and Court Design
			The Importance of Child-Centred Courts
			Trial in Adult Court
			Protections for Children’s Privacy
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
5 Reintegration
	Introduction
	Developing a Rights-Respecting Approach to Reintegration
		The Best Interests of the Child
		Desistance and the Child’s Right to Development
	Intervening to Support Positive Outcomes
		Support for Families
		Peer Relationships and the Right to Rest and Leisure
		Promoting Educational Rights and Inclusion
		The Role of Healthcare
			Mental Health
			Substance Use
			Trauma Aware Services
		Addressing the Needs of Discriminated Groups
		Fostering Positive Relationships with Young People
	Deprivation of Liberty
		Healthcare and Education
		Returning to the Community
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
6 Conclusions
	Introduction
	A Rights-Based Approach to Children in Conflict with the Law
	The Research Base
	Rights Standards and Research—Some Gaps
	Implementation—The Next Frontier
	Bibliography
Index