Chemo-biological systems for CO2 utilization

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
List of Editors......Page 10
List of Contributors......Page 12
 1.1 Introduction......Page 18
  1.2.1 CO[sub(2)] Capture by Plants......Page 20
  1.2.2 CO[sub(2)] Capture by Algae......Page 21
 1.3 CO[sub(2)] Capture by Synthetic Materials......Page 22
  1.3.2 CO[sub(2)] Capture by Graphene Oxides......Page 23
 1.4 Synthesis of Industrial Products by CO[sub(2)] Conversion......Page 24
  1.4.3 Methane (CH[sub(4)])......Page 25
 References......Page 26
 2.1 Introduction......Page 32
 2.2 Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide......Page 35
  2.3.1 Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 37
  2.3.2 CO[sub(2)] to Formic Acid and Derivatives......Page 40
  2.3.3 Reverse Water–Gas Shift Reaction......Page 41
  2.3.4 Methanol and Dimethyl Ether Syntheses......Page 42
  2.3.6 Methanation......Page 45
  2.3.7 Conversion to Higher Hydrocarbons......Page 46
 2.4 Issues and Challenges......Page 48
  2.4.1 CO[sub(2)] Capture......Page 49
  2.4.2 Hydrogen Source......Page 51
  2.4.3 Selection Criteria......Page 53
 2.5 Recent Advances......Page 54
 List of Abbreviations......Page 57
 References......Page 59
 3.1 Introduction......Page 66
 3.2 Methane Bi-Reforming Reaction (MBR)......Page 68
  3.2.1 Methane Bi-Reforming Reaction Mechanism......Page 69
   3.2.2.2 Effects of Reaction Temperature......Page 70
 3.3 Catalyst for Methane Bi-Reforming Reaction......Page 72
  3.4.1 Changing or Modifying the Support Used in Methane Bi-Reforming......Page 80
  3.4.2 Introducing Promoters to Catalyst for Methane Bi-Reforming Reaction......Page 85
  3.4.3 Employing Diverse Catalyst Preparation Methods for Methane Bi-Reforming Reaction......Page 87
 References......Page 89
 4.1 Bacterial Carbonic Anhydrases......Page 94
 4.2 Extremophiles as Source of Stable Biocatalysts......Page 96
 4.3 Extreme SspCA and SazCA......Page 97
  4.4.1 Immobilization on Polyurethane Foam......Page 99
  4.4.3 Binding on Magnetic Particles......Page 100
 4.5 Conclusion......Page 101
 References......Page 102
 5.1 Introduction......Page 108
 5.2 Structure and Function of Microbial CA......Page 109
  5.2.1 Catalytic Activity of CA......Page 110
  5.3.1 Genetic Engineering......Page 111
  5.3.2 Directed Evolution......Page 112
  5.3.3 CA Immobilization and Chemical Modification......Page 113
 5.5 Engineering Promoters......Page 114
 5.6 Conclusion......Page 115
 References......Page 117
 6.1 Introduction......Page 124
 6.2 Electrochemical CO[sub(2)] Reduction Reaction (CO[sub(2)]RR)......Page 125
 6.3 Synthesis of N-Doped Carbon Catalysts for CO[sub(2)]RR......Page 128
  6.3.1 Electrochemical Performance of N-Doped Carbon Catalysts for CO[sub(2)]RR......Page 130
 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 142
 References......Page 143
 7.1 Introduction......Page 148
  7.2.1 Production of Dimethyl Ether......Page 149
  7.2.2 Production of Formic Acid......Page 150
  7.2.3 Production of Methane......Page 151
  7.2.4 Ethylene and Ethanol Production......Page 153
  7.2.5 Production of Polymer......Page 154
  7.2.6 Production of Oxalate and Oxalic Acid......Page 155
  7.2.7 Fuel (Hydrocarbon) Production......Page 156
  7.2.8 Production of Carbon Nanotube......Page 158
 7.4 Challenges in Catalyst Development......Page 159
 References......Page 160
 8.1 Introduction......Page 164
  8.1.2 Mechanisms for Terrestrial Storage......Page 165
  8.1.5 Chemical Process of Geological Carbon Sequestration......Page 166
  8.2.3 Modified Porous Support......Page 167
 8.3 CO[sub(2)] Sequestration: Nanomaterial-Based Processes......Page 168
   8.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)......Page 169
   8.3.1.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives......Page 170
   8.3.2.3 Nanoparticle-Embedded Metal–Organic Framework......Page 172
 8.5 Further Research Needed......Page 173
 References......Page 174
 9.1 Introduction......Page 178
 9.2 Existing Technologies for CO[sub(2)] Capture......Page 180
 9.3 Criteria for the Selection of Solid Sorbent......Page 182
 9.4 Porous Materials for CO[sub(2)] Fixation......Page 184
   9.4.1.1 Activated Carbon......Page 185
   9.4.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 187
   9.4.1.3 Graphenes......Page 188
  9.4.2 Zeolites......Page 189
  9.4.3 Metal–Organic Framework......Page 191
 9.5 Challenges and Outlook......Page 193
 References......Page 195
 10.1 Introduction......Page 206
 10.2 Mechanisms of CO[sub(2)] Fixation......Page 207
  10.3.1 Nanoparticle-Based Composite Materials......Page 209
  10.3.2 Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials......Page 211
  10.3.3 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Composite Materials......Page 212
  10.3.4 Activated Carbon-Based Composite Materials......Page 213
 10.4 Conclusion......Page 215
 References......Page 216
Chapter 11 Microalgae-Based Biorefinery for Utilization of Carbon Dioxide for Production of Valuable Bioproducts......Page 220
  11.1.1 CO[sub(2)] Emission......Page 221
  11.2.1 Mechanism of Sequestration......Page 222
 11.3 Microalgal Cultivation Modes......Page 223
  11.3.2 Heterotrophic......Page 226
  11.3.3 Mixotrophic......Page 227
  11.4.2 Toxic Gases......Page 228
  11.4.4 Temperature......Page 230
  11.5.1 Role of CO[sub(2)] in Microalgal Growth......Page 231
  11.5.3 Measurement of CO[sub(2)] Fixation......Page 232
 11.6 Utilization of Microalgal Biomass for Different Applications......Page 234
 11.7 Future Research Prospective......Page 235
 References......Page 238
 12.1 Introduction......Page 246
 12.2 CO[sub(2)] Assimilation and Metabolism......Page 247
  12.2.1 Autotrophic Metabolism......Page 250
  12.2.2 Heterotrophic Metabolism......Page 251
 12.3 Carbon Partitioning Strategy of Microalgae......Page 252
 12.4 Metabolites......Page 254
  12.4.1 Fatty Acids (FA) and Triacylglycerols (TAG)......Page 255
  12.4.2 Poly-unsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 256
  12.4.3 Sterols......Page 257
  12.4.4 Carbohydrates......Page 258
  12.4.5 Polysaccharides......Page 260
  12.4.6 Minor Compounds......Page 261
 12.5 Future Prospects......Page 264
 References......Page 268
Chapter 13 Soil Microbial Dynamics in Carbon Farming of Agro-Ecosystems: In the Era of Climate Change......Page 282
 13.1 Introduction......Page 283
 13.2 Microbial Communities and Carbon Cycle......Page 284
  13.2.1 Mechanism of Carbon Sequestration by Soil Microbes......Page 285
 13.4 Microbial Fungi and Bacteria in Carbon Sequestration......Page 286
  13.4.2 Clostridia......Page 291
  13.4.4 Green Sulphur Bacteria......Page 292
  13.4.7 Photoautotrophs and Algae......Page 293
  13.5.1 Land Uses and Management......Page 295
  13.5.3 Land Cover Management......Page 296
  13.5.6 Reforestation......Page 297
  13.5.7 Organic Amendments......Page 298
  13.5.8 Landscape-Level (Slope Position) Effects on Carbon Inputs......Page 299
  13.5.10 Land Use Pattern......Page 300
  13.5.13 Arid and Semi-Arid Climate......Page 302
 13.6 Outlook and Conclusion......Page 303
 References......Page 304
 Supporting References......Page 316
Index......Page 318