Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions

CHEMICAL LOOPING SYSTEMS FOR FOSSIL ENERGY CONVERSIONS......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 14
1.1 Background......Page 18
1.1.1 Renewable Energy......Page 19
1.1.2 Fossil Energy Outlook......Page 21
1.2 Coal Combustion......Page 25
1.2.1 Energy Conversion Efficiency Improvement......Page 26
1.2.2 Flue Gas Pollutant Control Methods......Page 28
1.3 CO2 Capture......Page 29
1.4 CO2 Sequestration......Page 32
1.5 Coal Gasification......Page 35
1.6 Chemical Looping Concepts......Page 41
1.7 Chemical Looping Processes......Page 52
1.8 Overview of This Book......Page 64
References......Page 65
2.1 Introduction......Page 74
2.2.1 General Particle Characteristics......Page 75
2.2.2 Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibrium of Metals and Metal Oxides......Page 85
2.2.3 Particle Regeneration with Steam......Page 93
2.2.4 Reaction with Oxygen and Heat of Reaction......Page 94
2.2.5 Particle Design Considering Heat of Reaction......Page 95
2.2.6 Particle Preparation and Recyclability......Page 96
2.2.7 Particle Formulation and Effect of Support......Page 106
2.2.8 Effect of Particle Size and Mechanical Strength......Page 114
2.2.9 Carbon and Sulfur Formation Resistance......Page 116
2.2.10 Particle Reaction Mechanism......Page 123
2.2.11 Effect of Reactor Design and Gas–Solid Contact Modes......Page 124
2.2.12 Selection of Primary Metal for Chemical Looping Combustion of Coal......Page 127
2.3.1 Types of Metal Oxide......Page 129
2.3.2 Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibrium of Metal Oxide and Metal Carbonate......Page 133
2.3.3 Reaction Characteristics of Ca-Based Sorbents for CO2 Capture......Page 136
2.3.4 Synthesis of the High-Reactivity PCC–CaO Sorbent......Page 139
2.3.5 Reactivity of Calcium Sorbents......Page 141
2.3.6 Recyclability of Calcium Oxides......Page 143
2.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 151
References......Page 152
3.1 Introduction......Page 160
3.2.1 Pulverized Coal Combustion Power Plants......Page 161
3.2.2 CO2 Capture Strategies......Page 163
3.3 Chemical Looping Combustion......Page 170
3.3.1 Particle Reactive Properties and Their Relationship with CLC Operation......Page 173
3.3.2 Key Design and Operational Parameters for a CFB-Based CLC System......Page 178
3.3.3 CLC Reactor System Design......Page 184
3.3.4 Gaseous Fuel CLC Systems and Operational Results......Page 196
3.3.5 Solid Fuel CLC Systems and Operational Results......Page 215
3.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 224
References......Page 225
4.1 Introduction......Page 232
4.2.1 Electricity Production—Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ( IGCC )......Page 233
4.2.2 H2 Production......Page 240
4.2.3 Liquid Fuel Production......Page 244
4.3 Iron-Based Chemical Looping Processes Using Gaseous Fuels......Page 247
4.3.1 Lane Process and Messerschmitt Process......Page 248
4.3.2 U.S. Bureau of Mines Pressurized Fluidized Bed Steam - Iron Process......Page 251
4.3.3 Institute of Gas Technology Process......Page 253
4.3.4 Syngas Chemical Looping (SCL) Process......Page 254
4.4.1 Thermodynamic Analyses of SCL Reactor Behavior......Page 258
4.4.2 ASPEN PLUS Simulation of SCL Reactor Systems......Page 268
4.4.3 Syngas Chemical Looping ( SCL ) Process Testing......Page 276
4.5.1 Common Assumptions and Model Setup......Page 283
4.5.2 Description of Various Systems......Page 284
4.5.3 ASPEN PLUS Simulation, Results, and Analyses......Page 287
4.6.1 Process Overview......Page 289
4.6.2 Mass/Energy Balance and Process Evaluation......Page 290
4.7 Calcium Looping Process Using Gaseous Fuels......Page 292
4.7.1 Description of the Processes......Page 294
4.7.2 Reaction Characteristics of the Processes......Page 295
4.7.3 Analyses of the Processes......Page 305
4.7.4 Enhanced Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Process with Sulfur and CO2 Capture......Page 311
4.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 312
References......Page 313
5.1 Introduction......Page 318
5.2 Chemical Looping Gasification Processes Using Calcium-Based Sorbent......Page 319
5.2.1 CO2 Acceptor Process......Page 320
5.2.2 HyPr-Ring Process......Page 325
5.2.3 Zero Emission Coal Alliance Process......Page 329
5.2.4 ALSTOM Hybrid Combustion–Gasification Process......Page 331
5.2.5 Fuel-Flexible Advanced Gasification–Combustion Process......Page 337
5.2.6 General Comments......Page 344
5.3 Coal-Direct Chemical Looping (CDCL) Processes Using Iron-Based Oxygen Carriers......Page 345
5.3.1 Coal-Direct Chemical Looping Process — Configuration I......Page 346
5.3.2 Coal - Direct Chemical Looping Process—Configuration II......Page 348
5.4 Challenges to the Coal-Direct Chemical Looping Processes and Strategy for Improvements......Page 350
5.4.1 Oxygen-Carrier Particle Reactivity and Char Reaction Enhancement......Page 351
5.4.2 Configurations and Conversions of the Reducer......Page 353
5.4.3 Performance of the Oxidizer and the Combustor......Page 363
5.4.4 Fate of Pollutants and Ash......Page 366
5.4.5 Energy Management, Heat Integration, and General Comments......Page 368
5.5.1 ASPEN Model Setup......Page 370
5.5.2 Simulation Results......Page 372
5.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 374
References......Page 375
6.1 Introduction......Page 380
6.2.1 Compressed Hydrogen Gas and Liquefied Hydrogen......Page 381
6.2.2 Metal Hydrides......Page 383
6.2.3 Bridged Metal-Organic Frameworks......Page 385
6.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite Nanofi bers......Page 386
6.2.5 Onboard Hydrogen Production via Iron Based Materials......Page 387
6.3 Carbonation–Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process for Carbon Dioxide Capture......Page 395
6.4.1 Chemical Looping Gasification Integrated with Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells......Page 402
6.4.2 Direct Solid Fuel Cells......Page 403
6.5 Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming......Page 405
6.6 Tar Sand Digestion via Steam Generation......Page 407
6.7 Liquid Fuel Production from Chemical Looping Gasification......Page 408
6.8 Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU)......Page 410
6.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 413
References......Page 414
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 420
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 428