Challenging the United Nations Peace and Security Agenda in Africa

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms
List of Figures
1 Introduction: 60 Years of the United Nations Role in Africa
	Peace and Security Convergence: Africa, the United Nations and the European Union
	Cross-Cutting Security Threats: Money Laundering, Terrorism and Piracy
	Humanitarian Disasters: Climate Change and COVID-19
	Towards a New Pax-Africana: Book Contents
2 The United Nations Role in the Great Lakes Region: Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
	Introductory Overview
	A Neo-Colonial Agenda in the Great Lakes Region: The Democratic Republic of the Congo—Historical Perspectives
	Rwanda and Burundi: Historical Perspectives14
	Burundi’s Agricultural and Mineral Resource Exploitation During the 1970s and 1980s Amid Massacres and Violence24
	Conflict Prevention and Fact-Finding Missions in Burundi: 1993–6
	Africa’ Regional-Continental Approach to Burundi’s Conflicts
	Burundi: UN Post-Conflict Reconstruction Under a Peacekeeping UN Charter Mandate of Chapter VII
	Burundi: UN Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Electoral Monitoring Efforts, 2005–19
	Donor Packages to Propel Burundi’s 2006: Comprehensive Ceasefire Agreement
	A Regional Economic Approach to Burundi’s Peacemaking Model
	Burundi’s DDR Processes
	Burundi’s Post-Conflict Reconstruction Efforts: During Elections of 2010, 2015 and 2019
	From BINUB to BNUB and MENUB, 2015–19
	United Nations in Rwanda 1993 Supported by the OAU
	Africa’s First World War 1998: The Great Lakes creation—The Democratic Republic of the Congo
	UN’s Peacekeeping: An Electoral Approach in the DRC 2000–2021
	Elections in the DRC: UN Involvement 2005–18
	War Economies of the Great Lakes and Mineral Resources
	Who Guards the Guard?
3 United Nations Role in the Economic Community of Central African States: Central African Republic and Chad
	Chapter Overview
	Central African Economic Community: Overview
	Central African Republic: The Securitisation of Economics
	Political Ethnic Rivalry and Resource Greed in CAR
	Chad’s Regional Proxy Wars: From Independence to Inter-Regional Dependency
	Chad Political Opposition and the Government
	The Regionalisation of CAR’s Conflict: 1997–2014
	Force Majeure: Peace Agreements Signed To Halt Slaughter And Grave Human Rights Atrocities of CAR’s Civilians, Amid The Securitisation Of Mineral Exploitation Rights: 2007–2020
	Economics, Peace and Security: Council Divergence and Bilateral Convergence
4 United Nations Role in Sudan, South Sudan and Abyei
	Introduction
	Historical Overview: The Two Sudans and Abyei
	Regional Proxy Wars: Sudan and Chad
	United Nations Interdepartmental Task Force on Sudan, 2003 and the African Union Mission in Sudan
	The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005
	United Nations Mission in Sudan and the UN-AU Hybrid Operation in Darfur
	Referendum for the Self-Determination of South Sudan and Abyei: United Nations Mission in South Sudan
	Concluding Remarks
5 The United Nations Role the Horn of Africa: The Case of Somalia
	Introduction
	Somalia’s Historical Background
	Three Decades of Somalia’s Intra- and Inter-State Wars: Between 1960 And 1990—Lacking United Nations Presence
	United Nations Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Role In Somalia—1991: Mediating Ceasefire Attempts
	UNOSOM, UNITAF and UNOSOM II
		Advocacy and Lobbying Efforts of the UNSC’s Secretary-General: Aid for Trade
	Aid for Trade to Compensate Humanitarian Needs During Post-Conflict Reconstruction Efforts
	UNOSOM II REVISED MANDATE, NOVEMBER 1993
		UNOSOM II: Humanitarian Post-conflict Reconstruction Efforts
	Starts and Stops Towards a Transitional National Council, 1993–2000
		UNOSOM II Security Sector and Judiciary Reforms
	Somalia’s Transitional Government 2001–2008
		Elimination of the Transitional Government Members
	Establishment of Somalia’s Federal Government and Interim President, 2004
	Relocation of the Transitional Federal Government
	Advocacy and Lobbying for Peacekeepers in Somalia
	The Power and Control of the Islamic Courts Exerted Over Somalia 2006: Against the ARPCT and the TFG
		The League of Arab States’ Bilateral Mediation Efforts with Somalia TFG And Opposition, August 2006
		The TFG Relocation From Baidoa to Mogadishu: 2008
		Parallel Conference in Eritrea and the Formation of the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia
		The Alliance for the Reconstruction and the Re-liberation of Somalia and the TFG Join Hands
	AMISOM
		Advocacy and Lobbing Efforts of Somalia’s Transitional Government for a Bolstered Peacekeeping Force 2009
		Mediation Efforts and Inclusion of Rehabilitated Union of Islamic Courts’ Members into Somalia’s TFG
	The US War on Terror in Somalia
		Piracy
	Regional Fight Against Terrorism
	Somalia’s Wars and Political Economy: Agriculture and Oil resources
		Agricultural Resources
		Marine Resources
		Oil Resources
	Moving Somalia from Transitional Governance to Democratic Elections: 2010–11
		Transitional Federal Government, 2011
	Establishment of the Federal Government: Mogadishu and Its Six Federal States: 2013–2021
6 The Role of the United Nations in North Africa: The Case of Morocco and Western Sahara
	Introduction
	Historical Overview
	Morocco and Western Sahara: An Emergence of Transnational Crime
	Peacemaking in Morocco and Western Sahara
	United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara, 1988–2021
	Economics, Greed, Xenophobia and Racism: Trumps a Referendum for Western Sahara
	Concluding Remarks
7 The United Nations Role in the G5-Sahel, West, and Southern Africa: The Case of Angola
	Introduction
	Background
	United Nations Office in West Africa: The Cameroon-Nigeria Bakassi Negotiations
	West Africa and the Sahel’s Contemporary Peace and Security Challenges
	The African Union International Support Mission to Mali—AFISMA, and the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali—MINUSMA
	Terrorists Insurgency in the Sahel and West Africa
	UNOWAS Mandate 2014–23
	G5 Sahel Force 2017
	The Sahel Alliance: Geopolitical and Strategic Interests
	Economic Models to Boost Human Capital and Investment
	United Nations Role in Southern Africa: The Case of Angola
		Southern Africa’s Historical Security Background78
		Colonised Regional Integration86
	United Nations in Angola: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peacebuilding
	United Nations: Post-Conflict Reconstruction Efforts
8 Conclusion: Defining a New Pax-Africana
	Background Note
	Towards Normative Proposals African Union Peace and Security Council’s Peacebuilding and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Development Centre
	Maritime Security: AU African Governance Architecture, RECs/RMs levels
	AU Peace and Security Council’s Post-Conflict Reconstruction Development Centre: Towards Advancing Agricultural Trade Within a Post-Conflict Reconstruction Framework
	The AU’s Peace Support Operations
		The African Standby Brigade40
	African Union’s African Governance Architecture—PLANELMs at Commission, National and Regional Levels: Money Laundering, Maritime Security, Terrorism and Cyber-Crime
	Final Word
Index