Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Obesity (Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, 23)

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Obesity
1 Obesity as a Major Health Hazard
	Introduction
	Causes of Obesity
		Excessive Nutrition and Physical Inactivity
		Metabolic Derangements
		Hormonal Imbalance and Aging
		Genetic Predisposition and Epigenetic Factors
		Psychological Disturbances
	Obesity-Induced Health Complications
		Cardiovascular Disease
		Renal Disease
		Liver Disease
		Cancer
		Male and Female Infertility
		Mobility and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction
	Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Obesity
		Nutrition and Lifestyle
		Pharmacological Interventions
		Surgical Approaches
	Conclusion
	References
2 Endocrine Role of Adipose Tissue in Obesity and Related Disorders
	Introduction
	Adipogenesis
	Types of Adipose Tissue
	Key Hormones Secreted by Adipose Tissue
		Adiponectin
		Leptin
		Resistin
		Retinol Binding Protein 4
		Vistafin
		TNF-α
		Interleukin-6
		Angiotensin
	Adipokines in Health and Diseases
	Therapeutic Aspect of Adipokines
		Leptin Based Therapies
		Adiponectin Based Therapies
		Other Adipokine-Based Therapies
	Discussion
	References
3 Interaction Between Genetics and Epigenetics in Obesity and Their Clinical Significance
	Introduction
	Genetic Contributions to Obesity
		Monogenic Obesity
		Clinical Significance of Genetic Mutation
		Polygenic Obesity
		Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene (MC4R)
		Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO)
		Insulin-Induced Gene 2 (INSIG2)
		Syndromic Obesity
	Epigenetic Contributions to Obesity
	Impact of DNA Methylation on Obesity
	Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Studies of Obesity
	Interactions Between Genetics and Epigenetics
	Candidate Gene Approaches for DNA Methylation in Obesity
	Impact of Non-coding RNAs in Obesity
	Role of miRNAs in Obesity
	LncRNAs in Obesity
	Conclusion and Future Direction
	References
4 The Epigenetics and Molecular Interplay in Obesity and Associated Complications
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Obesity
	Epigenetic Regulation of Obesity
		DNA Methylation Links to Obesity
		Histone Modification and Obesity
		Noncoding RNAs in Obesity and Related Conditions
	Clinical Potential of NcRNAs in Therapy and Biomarker Research
	References
5 Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms Driving the Susceptibility of Obese Subjects to Covid-19 Infection
	Introduction
	Epidemiology of Covid-19
	Obesity-Induced Respiratory Dysfunctions
	Mechanisms by which Covid-19-Induces Respiratory Complications
	Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension as Major Health Risks for Covid-19 Infection
	Covid-19 Combined with Obesity-Induced Acute and Chronic Inflammation
	Conclusion
	References
6 Dysfunctional Circadian Rhythm Is Associated with Food Consumption, Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases: Role of Ion Channels
	Introduction
	Importance of Meals Frequency: When and How Many
	Meals Frequency and Illness: Cause and Effect
	Circadian Rhythm and Obesity
	Chronodisruption and Diabetes
	Role of Ion Channels on Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Obesity
		Voltage Gated K+ (Kv) Channels
		KATP Channels
		Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
		G Protein-Gated Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels
		Ca2+ Channels
		Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels
	Conclusion
	References
7 Hypothalamus-Mediated Actions in the Genesis of Obesity
	Introduction
	The Hypothalamus
		HPA Axis
	Stress-Initiated Weight Gain
	Leptin
		Leptin Receptor Signaling
	Conclusion
	References
8 Cellular and Molecular Effects of Obesity on the Heart
	Introduction
		Obesity: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
	The Link Between Obesity and Diabetes
	Obesity and the Heart
	Animal Models of Obesity and Their Relevance to the Heart
	Obesity and Ion Channels of the Heart
	Electrical Conduction System of the Heart and Obesity
	Obesity and Sudden Cardiac Death
	Conclusion
	References
9 Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products as Mediators of Obesity: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action
	Introduction
	Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
	Measurement of Obesity
	Advanced Glycation End Products—Overview
		Sources of AGEs
	Digestion, Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Dietary AGEs
		Digestion
		Absorption
		Distribution of Dietary AGEs
		Metabolism
		Excretion
	Dietary AGEs and Human Health
	Dietary AGEs and Obesity
	Evidence from Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies on the Mechanism of AGEs Mediated Pathogenesis of Obesity
	Conclusions
	References
10 Monoamine Oxidase, Obesity and Related Comorbidities: Discovering Bonds
	Introduction
	MAO—An Overview
	MAO and Vascular Function
	MAO and Obesity
	MAO and Inflammation
	MAO and Diabetes
	Coda
	References
11 Adipose Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
	Introduction
	Extracellular Matrix Components in the Adipose Tissue and Obesity
	Implications of ECM Remodeling of Adipose Tissue in Obesity and Metabolic Disease
	Conclusions
	References
Part II Therapeutic Mechanisms of Obesity
12 Obesity; Its Prevalence, Consequences and Potential Therapies
	Introduction
	Obesity and Relationship with Cardiovascular Disease
	Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Obesity
		Metabolic Syndrome
		Hypoxia
		Inflammation
		Altered Hemodynamics
		Myocyte Degeneration
		Microbiome in Obesity
	Clinical Aspects
		Prevention
		Management
		Dietary Intervention
		Physical Activity
		Behavioral Therapy
		Pharmacotherapy
		Bariatric Surgery
		Future Directions
	References
13 Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Complications and Pharmacotherapy
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Obesity
	Obesity and Oxidative Stress
	The Role of Adipocytokines in the Development of Obesity
	Obesity and Hormones Regulating Food Intake and Satiety
	What are the Outcomes of Obesity?
	Heart and Vascular Complications
	Malignant Tumors
	Diabetes Mellitus
	Management of Diabetic Patients with Obesity
	Diet and Lifestyle Modification
	Hypoglycemic Drugs Used in the Treatment of Obesity
	Metformin
	Inhibitors of Gastrointestinal α-glucosidase
	Inhibitors of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Enzyme
	Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
	Drugs Used in the Treatment of Obesity
	Bariatric Surgery
	Conclusion
	References
14 Telomere Shortening and Calorie Restriction in Obesity
	Introduction
	Obesity and Reactive Oxygen Species
	Obesity and Telomere Shortening
	Obesity and Subtelomeric Methylation
	General Characteristic in Animal Study
	Telomere Biology and CR
	Cell Signaling and CR
	Cardiac Diastolic Function and CR
	Conclusions
	References
15 Sympathetic Nervous System and Cardiovascular Alterations Due to Food Restrictions
	Introduction
	Obesity-Induced Cardiovascular Complications
	Beneficial Effects of Food Restriction in Obesity
	Impact of Severe Food Restriction on Cardiovascular Function
	Impact of Severe Food Restriction on Sympathetic Activity
	Influence of Fasting and Starvation on Sympathetic Activity
	Alterations in Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Activities Due to Prolonged Food Restriction
	Conclusions
	References
16 The Relevance of Metabotrophic Factors in Pathobiology and Therapy of Obesity and Related Diseases
	Introduction
	Neurotrophins
	Adipokines, Myokines, and Adipomyokines
	Neurotrophins and Adipomyokines “Became” Metabotrophic Factors and “Make” Obesity a Metabotrophic Factors-Deficient Disease
	Internal (Hidden) Obesity: An Inside Versus Outside View
	Metabotrophic Factors as Therapeutic Targets in Drug Discovery
		NGF and BDNF
		Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
		Irisin
		Adiponectin
		Sirtuins
		Klotho
		Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4
		Aquaporin 7
		Incretins
		Neprilysin
	Conclusion
	References
17 New Therapeutic Agents in Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Disorders: Molecular and Cellular Insights
	Introduction
	Obesity-Related Dysfunctions: Discussions at Systemic and Cellular Levels
	The Impact of Obesity on the Cardiovascular System
	Cardiac Consequences of the Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Changes Triggered by Obesity
	The Role of Oxidative Stress in Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Dysfunction
	New Therapeutic Agents in Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Disorders
	Concluding Remarks
	Conflicts of Interest:
	References
18 Role of the Synchronization of Circadian Clock by Meal-Timing in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
	Introduction
	Meal Timing not Aligned with the Circadian Clock, Increase the Risk of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
	Circadian Regulation of Metabolism
	Central and Peripheral Clocks
	Molecular Mechanism of the Circadian Clock-Driven Metabolism
	Clock Controlled Metabolic Oscillation
	Synchrony Between Central and Peripheral Clocks
	Effects of Asynchrony Between Clocks
	Beneficial Effects of the Synchronization Between Clocks
	Reduction of Appetite and “Food-Craving” Should Be a Major Target of Diet Intervention
	Conflicting Circadian Rhythms of Hunger and Craving
	The Effect of High Energy and CH Breakfast on Hunger and Food-Craving
	Conclusions
	References
19 Methylglyoxal and Its Role in Obesity-Associated Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
	Introduction
	Methylglyoxal
		Synthesis
		Degradation
	Glyoxalase-1
	Effects of MG Accumulation
	Effects of Elevated MG on the Function of Vascular Endothelial Cells
	Elevated Levels of Methylglyoxal in Obese Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure
	Conclusion
	References
20 Marine Derived Bioactives to Combat Obesity: Potential Mechanisms of Action
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology of Obesity: Dyslipidemia, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation
	Nutrition and Obesity
	Prevention of Obesity Associated Dyslipidemia by Marine Derived Bioactives
	Prevention of Obesity Associated Oxidative Stress by Marine Derived Bioactives
	Prevention of Obesity Associated Inflammation by Marine Derived Bioactives
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
Index