Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications

CARBON NANOTUBES: SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
The Editor......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Jie Han......Page 15
1.1 Bonding of Carbon Atoms......Page 16
1.2 Defect-Free Nanotube......Page 17
1.3 Defective Nanotubes......Page 20
1.4 Electronic Properties......Page 22
1.5 Optical and Optoelectronic Properties......Page 26
1.6 Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties......Page 28
1.7 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Properties......Page 31
1.8 Chemical and Electrochemical Properties......Page 32
1.9 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties......Page 35
References......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 39
2.2.1 Quantum Electronic Structure and Dynamics......Page 41
2.2.2 Atomistic Structure and Molecular Dynamics Simulations......Page 43
2.2.3 Electronic and Thermal Transport Simulations......Page 44
2.3 Structure and Symmetry......Page 45
2.4 Nanomechanics and Thermal Properties......Page 46
2.4.1 Modulus of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 47
2.4.2 Buckling, Collapse, and Plasticity of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 50
2.4.3 Simulations of Vibrational and Thermal Properties......Page 55
2.4.4 Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymer Composites......Page 57
2.4.5 Mesoscopic Scale Simulations of CNTs......Page 58
2.5 Chemical Functionalization, Physisorption, and Diffusion in Carbon Nanotubes......Page 59
2.5.1 Chemisorption and Curvature-Dependent Reactivity of CNTs......Page 60
2.5.3 Gas, Polymer, and Electrolyte Diffusion......Page 64
2.6.1 Modeling and Simulations of Electronic Characteristics......Page 67
2.6.2 Nanoelectronics: Heterojunctions of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 68
2.6.3 Electrochemical and Electromechanical Sensors......Page 72
2.7 Summary and Outlook......Page 73
References......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 79
3.2.1 General Technical Features of the Production Process......Page 80
3.2.2 Composition and Structure of Cathode Deposit......Page 81
3.2.3 Growth Mechanism......Page 85
3.2.4 Scaled-Up MWNT Production Process......Page 87
3.4 Arc Discharge Production of SWNTs......Page 89
3.4.1 Metal Catalyst Particles......Page 90
3.4.2 Dynamics of SWNT Growth in the Arc Process......Page 92
3.4.3 Carbon “Dissolution-Precipitation” Model......Page 93
3.5 Arc Discharge Production of DWNTs......Page 96
3.5.1 Mechanism of DWNT Arc Synthesis in Hydrogen-Containing Atmosphere......Page 100
3.6 SWNT Production by Laser Ablation of Carbon-Metal Target......Page 104
3.7 Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 109
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2.1 Thermal CVD......Page 114
4.2.2 PECVD......Page 115
4.3.2 Physical Techniques for Catalyst Preparation......Page 118
4.4.1 Nanotube Growth......Page 119
4.4.2 Purification......Page 121
4.5 Growth Mechanisms......Page 124
4.7 Challenges and Future Directions......Page 126
References......Page 127
5.2 Electron Microscopy......Page 131
5.3 Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy......Page 133
5.4 Properties Characterization......Page 135
5.5 Electrical Conductivity Measurements......Page 136
5.6 Thermoelectric Measurements......Page 138
5.7 Raman Spectroscopy......Page 139
5.8 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 147
5.9 Summary......Page 148
References......Page 149
6.1 Introduction......Page 151
6.2.1 Flexible Cantilevers......Page 152
6.2.2 Sensitive Detection......Page 153
6.2.3 High-Resolution Tip-Sample Placement......Page 154
6.2.4 Sharp Tips......Page 155
6.2.5 Force Feedback......Page 156
6.3 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes in the Context of SPM Applications......Page 158
6.4.1 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Probes......Page 160
6.4.2 SWNT Probes......Page 163
6.5.1.1 Imaging High Aspect Ratio Features......Page 165
6.5.1.2 High Lateral Resolution Imaging......Page 167
6.5.1.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy......Page 168
6.5.1.4 Scanning Probe Lithography......Page 170
6.5.2 Applications of CNT Probes in Biological Sciences......Page 172
6.6 Summary......Page 173
References......Page 174
7.1 Carrier Characterization......Page 177
7.1.1 Thermoelectric Power Measurement......Page 178
7.1.2 Doping Characterization Using FETs......Page 180
7.2 Doping Methods......Page 181
7.3.1 Basic FET Structure......Page 182
7.3.3 Drain Current as a Function of Drain Voltage......Page 183
7.3.4 Meaning of Drain Current Saturation in Digital Applications......Page 185
7.4 Intermolecular Metal-Semiconductor SWNT Heterojunctions......Page 188
7.5 SWNT pn Junction as Esaki Diode......Page 190
7.6.1 Coulomb Oscillation......Page 193
7.6.2 Coulomb Diamonds......Page 195
7.6.3 SET Device Experiments Using SWNTs......Page 197
7.7 Other Semiconducting SWNT Devices......Page 198
7.8 Transport in Metallic SWNTs......Page 200
7.9 General Remarks on NanoFETs......Page 201
7.9.2 Forgotten Benefit of NanoFETs......Page 202
7.9.3 Two-Terminal vs. Three-Terminal......Page 203
References......Page 204
8.1 Introduction......Page 209
8.2.1 Nature of the Nanotubes......Page 211
8.2.3 Microstructure of the Emitter......Page 212
8.2.5 Geometry of the Emitter......Page 213
8.3.2 Microwave Amplifiers......Page 214
8.3.3 Space Applications: Example of Electric Propulsion......Page 215
8.3.4 Field Emission Displays......Page 216
8.3.5 X-Ray Tubes......Page 218
8.3.5.2 Cathode Characterization......Page 220
8.3.5.3 Miniature Field Emission X-Ray Tube......Page 223
References......Page 225
9.1 Introduction......Page 227
9.2.1 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 228
9.2.1.1 Back Gate Field Effect Transistor......Page 229
9.2.1.2 Chemiresistors......Page 230
9.2.2 Resonator (Mass) Sensors......Page 236
9.2.3 Thermal Sensors......Page 239
9.3.1 Flow Sensors......Page 241
9.3.2 Force Sensors — Pressure, Strain, Stress......Page 242
9.3.3 Electromechanical Actuator......Page 244
9.3.5 Vision Sensors......Page 246
9.4.1 Industry......Page 247
References......Page 248
10.1 Introduction......Page 251
10.2.2 Device Integration......Page 252
10.2.3 Biofunctionalization......Page 254
10.3.1 Single-Cell and Single-Molecule Sensors......Page 256
10.3.2 FET-Based Biosensors......Page 258
10.3.3 Nanoelectrode Array–Based Electronic Chips......Page 259
10.3.4 Nanonetworks and Thin Films......Page 262
10.3.5 CNT Templated Bioassembly......Page 263
10.4 Summary and Future Directions......Page 264
References......Page 265
11.1 Introduction......Page 267
11.2 Nanotube Superiority......Page 269
11.2.2 Nanotube Chemistry......Page 270
11.3.1 Electrical Properties......Page 273
11.3.2 Mechanical Properties......Page 276
11.3.3 Smart Materials......Page 277
11.3.4 Polymer Coatings......Page 278
11.3.5 Polymeric Devices......Page 279
11.4.1 Nanowires......Page 280
11.5.1 Processing......Page 281
11.5.3.2 Spark Plasma Sintering......Page 282
11.5.4.1 Ceramic Nanotube Composite Systems......Page 283
11.5.4.3 Thermal Management in Ceramics......Page 284
11.5.4.5 Ceramic-SWNT Aqueous Dispersions Fabricated Using Rapid Prototyping......Page 285
11.5.4.8 Y-Ba-Cu-O/MWNT Composites......Page 286
11.6 Summary and Outlook......Page 287
References......Page 288
12.1 Applications in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing......Page 291
12.4 Membranes and Separation......Page 292
References......Page 293