Cannabis/Hemp for Sustainable Agriculture and Materials

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Industrial Hemp as a Crop for a Sustainable Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainability and Sustainable Agriculture
	3 Farming and Production/Processing Opportunities
		3.1 Challenges to Sustainability
			3.1.1 The Special Case of Indoor Cannabinoid Production in a Sustainability Context
			3.1.2 A Brief Description of Field-Scale Production Systems
			3.1.3 Cultivars
			3.1.4 Establishment: Seeds, Soils, and Seeding Depth
			3.1.5 Field Preparation: Tillage/No-Tillage and Cover Crops
			3.1.6 Planting Date and Soil Conditions
			3.1.7 Seeding Rates and Row Spacing
			3.1.8 Fertility Needs for Hemp Production
			3.1.9 Pests-Weeds, Insects, Diseases, and Birds
		3.2 Harvest and Processing Issues
			3.2.1 Shattering and Uneven Maturity in Grain Crops
			3.2.2 Optimal Harvest for Fibers
			3.2.3 Harvest and Preprocessing Across Hemp Platforms
			3.2.4 Inadequate Processing Capacity
		3.3 Hemp as a Complement to (or Replacement for) Existing Commodities
	4 Conclusion
	References
Industrial Hemp for Sustainable Agriculture: A Critical Evaluation from Global and Indian Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainability and Sustainable Agriculture
		2.1 Climate Change
		2.2 Sustainability
		2.3 Sustainable Agriculture and Ecosystem
		2.4 Factors Affecting Sustainable Agriculture
	3 Agriculture in India
		3.1 Brief History and Present Status
		3.2 Issues Faced by Agriculture, Specifically from the Indian Perspective
	4 Hemp Cultivation Towards Achieving Sustainable Agriculture
		4.1 Hemp Cultivation: A Brief History
		4.2 Hemp Cultivation and Plant Characteristics
			4.2.1 Soil and Root System
			4.2.2 Stem and Foliage
			4.2.3 Carbon Capture Capacity
			4.2.4 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil
			4.2.5 Waste and Marginal Land Utilization and Its Reclamation
	5 Uses and Applications of Industrial Hemp
		5.1 Traditional Uses of Hemp
		5.2 Innovative Applications of Hemp Fibers
			5.2.1 Super Capacitors and Energy Storage
			5.2.2 Additive Manufacturing (3-D Printing)
			5.2.3 Hemp fibers as Replacement of Harmonic/Spring Steel Cables
			5.2.4 Anti-insect Plaster for Heritage Conservation
	6 Issues and Challenges of Commercially Sustainable Hemp Farming
		6.1 Legal Hurdles
		6.2 Agriculture Inputs and Methods
	7 Suitability of Hemp Towards Achieving Sustainable Agriculture, Ecology, and Economy
	8 Way Forward
		8.1 Policy Level Intervention
		8.2 Use of New Technologies for Precision/Smart Farming (Agriculture 4.0)
		8.3 Cooperative and Contract Farming
	9 Conclusions
	References
Cannabis/Hemp: Sustainable Uses, Opportunities, and Current Limitations
	1 Introduction
	2 Circular Economy: A New Model for Economic Systems and Sustainability
	3 Hemp as A Source of Sustainable Fibers and Biomass
		3.1 Fabrics
		3.2 Sustainable Building and Manufacturing
			3.2.1 Hempcrete and other Bio-Aggregates
			3.2.2 Biocomposites
			3.2.3 Other Building Materials: Insulation, Particleboard, ``Lumber,´´ Flooring, and Fiber Mats
			3.2.4 Substrate for Mycelium-Based Composites
		3.3 Hemp-Based Paper
		3.4 Hemp as a Bedding
		3.5 Hemp as Sorbent Material Beyond Bedding
		3.6 Contaminant Tolerance and Phytoremediation
		3.7 Hemp Biomass for Bioenergy
	4 Hemp Grain as a Source of Sustainable Food, Feed, and Nutraceuticals
		4.1 Hemp Grain Nutritional Characteristics
		4.2 Hemp in Livestock Diets
		4.3 Nutraceutical and Healthcare Products
		4.4 Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
	5 Conclusions
	References
Agronomy and Ecophysiology of Hemp Cultivation
	1 Introduction
	2 Ecophysiology of Hemp
		2.1 Flowering and Photoperiodism
		2.2 Light Use Efficiency
	3 Hemp Cultivation Management
		3.1 Choices of Raw Material Production and Variety
		3.2 Hemp in a Crop Rotation
		3.3 Soil Preparation
		3.4 Sowing
			3.4.1 Sowing Date
			3.4.2 Sowing Density and Modality
		3.5 Hemp Fertilization Requirements and NUE
		3.6 Water Requirements and Water Use Efficiency
		3.7 Harvest
			3.7.1 Harvesting Stems for Fibre Production
			3.7.2 Harvest for Seed Production
			3.7.3 Dual and Tri-Purpose Productions
		3.8 Retting
	4 Conclusion
	References
Patenting Journey of Hemp and Development of Various Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Overall Trends
	4 The Patenting Trend in Different Application Areas
	5 Analysis of Different Application Areas
		5.1 Fiber, Composite Processing and Machinery
		5.2 Agricultural Chemicals and Machinery
		5.3 Healthcare, Pharmaceuticals, and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)
		5.4 Leather and Textile
		5.5 Paper and Other Chemicals
		5.6 Food, Beverage and Nutraceuticals
		5.7 Construction Materials
		5.8 Automotive
		5.9 Miscellaneous
	6 Conclusion
	References
Industrial Hemp and Hemp Byproducts as Sustainable Feedstuffs in Livestock Diets
	1 Introduction
	2 Nutritional Properties of Hemp Seed
		2.1 Fat Concentrations and Fatty Acid Profile
		2.2 Oil Quality
		2.3 Protein Concentrations and Amino Acid Composition
		2.4 Carbohydrate and Dietary Fiber
		2.5 Anti-Quality Components
	3 Nutritional Characteristics of Hemp as a Roughage Source
		3.1 Hemp Byproducts
		3.2 Hemp as a Dedicated Forage Crop
	4 Summary of Hemp Seed and Hemp Seed Byproducts Fed to Livestock Diets
	5 Conclusions
	References
Biotechnological Transformation of Hempseed in the Food Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Whole Hempseeds
	3 Hempseed Oil
	4 Hempseed Meal and Derivatives
		4.1 Hempseed Flour
		4.2 Hemp Seed Bran
		4.3 Hempseed Protein Isolate (HPI)
	5 Conclusions
	References
Current Trends in Applications of Cannabis/Hemp in Construction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Brief History of Industrial Hemp/Cannabis
	2 Anatomy of Hemp Relevant to Construction
		2.1 Morphology of Hemp
		2.2 Composition of The Hemp Stalk
		2.3 The Production of Hemp Fibbers and Hurds
	3 Overview of Hemp-Based Construction Materials
		3.1 Materials Based on Hemp Fibers
		3.2 Materials Based on Hemp Hurds
	4 Hemp Insulation Mats
		4.1 Details of Hemp Insulation Reported in Literature
		4.2 Mechanical Properties of Hemp Insulation
		4.3 Thermal Properties of Hemp Insulation
		4.4 Hygrothermal Properties of Hemp Insulation
		4.5 Hemp fibers as Loose-Fill Insulation
	5 Hemp Fiber Reinforced Concrete
		5.1 Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Concrete
		5.2 Thermal Properties of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Concrete
	6 Hemp Concrete
		6.1 The Characteristics of Hemp Hurds
		6.2 Mechanical Properties of Hemp Concrete
		6.3 Thermal and Hygrothermal Properties of Hemp Concrete
		6.4 Environmental Credentials of Hemp Concrete
	7 Discussion and Conclusion
		7.1 Hemp Insulation Mats
		7.2 Hemp Fiber Reinforced Concrete
		7.3 Hemp Concrete
	References
Hemp-Based Materials for Applications in Wastewater Treatment by Biosorption-Oriented Processes: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosorption of Pollutants Present in Wastewaters
		2.1 Water Pollution by Metals
		2.2 Biosorption Technology
		2.3 Biosorption of Pollutants Using Hemp-Based Products
	3 Applications of Hemp-Based Products as Biosorbents
		3.1 Hemp as a Novel Material for Metal Removal
		3.2 Hemp Fibers as Adsorbents
		3.3 Hemp-Based Felts
		3.4 Shives for Copper Removal
		3.5 Composite Materials
		3.6 Hemp Plant Proteins
	4 Activated Carbons from Hemp
		4.1 Activated Carbons in Wastewater Treatment: Why Innovate?
		4.2 Carbonization of Hemp-Based Products
		4.3 Applications for Pollutant Removal
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Cannabis/Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) Landscape in Africa: An Overview of its Cultivation and Legal Aspects
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 History of Cannabis Cultivation and Utilization
	4 Classification of Cannabis
		4.1 Narcotic Cannabis
		4.2 Medicinal Cannabis
		4.3 Recreational Cannabis
	5 Cultivation of Cannabis in Africa
	6 Legal Aspects of Cannabis
	7 Cannabis Trade in Africa
	8 Effects of Cannabis Use
	9 Conclusion
	References
Potential Impacts of Cannabis sativa L. Cultivation on the Environment in Africa: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Cultivation of Cannabis sativa
		2.1 Indoor Cultivation of Cannabis sativa
		2.2 Outdoor Cultivation of Cannabis sativa
	3 Environmental Impacts of Commercial Production of Cannabis sativa
	4 Indoor vs. Outdoor Cultivation of Cannabis and the Environment
	5 Growing Conditions for Cannabis Cultivation
	6 The Economic Potential of Cannabis
	7 Conclusion
	References