Cannabinoids and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Foreword
Preface
	Reference
Reference
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Constituents of Cannabis Sativa
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Constituents of Cannabis sativa
		1.2.1 Cannabinoids
			1.2.1.1 THC-Type Cannabinoids
				Delta9-THC
				Delta8-THC
				Synthetic Delta9-THC
				Delta9-THC-Acid (THCA)
				Tetrahydrocannabivarin
			1.2.1.2 Cannabidiol-Type Cannabinoids
				Cannabidiol
				Cannabidiolic Acid
				Cannabidivarin
				Cannabigerol
		1.2.2 Terpenes
			1.2.2.1 D-Limonene
			1.2.2.2 β-Myrcene
			1.2.2.3 α-Pinene
			1.2.2.4 β-Caryophyllene
		1.2.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Neuromolecular Mechanisms of Cannabis Action
	2.1 Introduction and Scope of this Chapter
		2.1.1 Neuromolecular Targets of THC: The Cannabinoid Receptors
			2.1.1.1 CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Characterisation: Protein, Distribution, Signalling and Pharmacology
			2.1.1.2 CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Characterisation: Protein, Distribution, Signalling and Pharmacology
		2.1.2 Neuromolecular Targets of THC: Beyond the Cannabinoid Receptors
		2.1.3 Neuromolecular Targets of CBD
		2.1.4 Neuromolecular Targets of Other Cannabinoids
			2.1.4.1 Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabidivarin
			2.1.4.2 Cannabinol
			2.1.4.3 Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid
			2.1.4.4 Cannabidivarin
			2.1.4.5 Cannabidiolic Acid
			2.1.4.6 Cannabigerol
			2.1.4.7 Cannabichromene
		2.1.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Neuropharmacological Effects of the Main Phytocannabinoids: A Narrative Review
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Neuromolecular mechanisms of action of the main phytocannabinoids
		3.2.1 THC
		3.2.2 CBD
		3.2.3 Delta-9-THCV
		3.2.4 Delta-9-THCA
		3.2.5 Delta-8-THC
		3.2.6 CBDV
		3.2.7 CBN
		3.2.8 CBG
		3.2.9 CBC
		3.2.10 CBDA
	3.3 Neurochemical and behavioral effects of THC and CBD: Human studies
		3.3.1 THC
		3.3.2 CBD
	3.4 Approved indications of cannabis-based products, THC and CBD
		3.4.1 Cannabis-based products
		3.4.2 THC
			3.4.2.1 Nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy
			3.4.2.2 Appetite and decreasing weight loss associated with HIV/AIDS
			3.4.2.3 Multiple sclerosis symptoms (spasticity and chronic pain)
			3.4.2.4 Chronic pain (neuropathic and cancer pain)
		3.4.3 CBD
			3.4.3.1 Antiepileptic
			3.4.3.2 Therapeutic potentials of CBD with moderate/modest evidence from RCTs
	3.5 Adverse effects of THC and CBD
		3.5.1 Cannabis-based products and THC
		3.5.2 CBD
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Emerging Roles of Cannabinoids and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Clinical Experimental Models
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Cannabinoid Classifications
	4.2 Endocannabinoids
	4.3 Phytocannabinoids
	4.4 Synthetic Cannabinoids
	4.5 Cannabinoids in Neuromodulation
		4.5.1 Cannabinoids in Epilepsy
		4.5.2 Cannabinoids in Alzheimer´s Disease
		4.5.3 Cannabinoids in Parkinson´s Disease
	4.6 Cannabinoids in Cancer
	4.7 Cannabinoids in Metabolic Disorders
	4.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Cannabis and Depression
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Co-Occurrence of Cannabis Use and Depression
		5.2.1 Cannabis Use among Individuals with Depression
		5.2.2 Depression among Cannabis Users
	5.3 Cannabis Use and Depression: Longitudinal Evidence
	5.4 Cannabis Use and Depression: Contributing Factors
		5.4.1 Age and Gender as Possible Moderators of the Association between Cannabis Use and Depression
	5.5 The Effect of Cannabis Use on the Course of Depression
		5.5.1 The Effect on Natural Outcome of Depression: Population-Based Studies
		5.5.2 Genetics and the Neurological Basis of the Association between Cannabis Use and Depression
			5.5.2.1 Genetic Studies on CUD
			5.5.2.2 Specific Genetic Studies on the Association between Cannabis Use and Depression
		5.5.3 The Use of Medical Cannabis for Treating Depression
			5.5.3.1 Pre-Clinical Studies on Cannabis as an Anti-Depressant
			5.5.3.2 Clinical Studies on Cannabis as an Anti-Depressant
		5.5.4 Discussion
	5.6 Pharmacological Treatment for Individuals with Comorbid Depression and CUD
		5.6.1 Pharmacological Treatment for CUD
		5.6.2 Treatment of Patients with Comorbidity of Cannabis Dependence and Depression
	5.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Recent Advances in the Potential of Cannabinoids for Neuroprotection in Alzheimer´s, Parkinson´s, and Huntington´s ...
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Receptors that Respond to Cannabinoids
	6.3 Addressing Neuroprotection in Humans
	6.4 Potential of Cannabinoids in Parkinson´s Disease
	6.5 Potential of Cannabinoids in Alzheimer´s Disease
	6.6 Potential of Cannabinoids in Huntington´s Disease
	References
Chapter 7: Cannabidiol Therapy for Refractory Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Pharmacology of Cannabinoids
	7.3 Mechanism, Bioavailability, and Metabolism of THC
	7.4 Mechanism, Bioavailability, and Metabolism OF CBD
	7.5 Translational Studies of CBD on the Comorbities of Epilepsy
		7.5.1 Neuroprotective Actions of CBD
		7.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Actions of CBD
		7.5.3 CBD Facilitation of Neurogenesis
		7.5.4 Anxiolytic Actions of CBD
	7.6 Pivotal Clinical Trials That Led to the Approval of Epidiolex
	7.7 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
	7.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8: Cannabinoid-Based Medicines and Multiple Sclerosis
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Medicinal Cannabinoids
		8.2.1 Dronabinol
		8.2.2 Nabilone
		8.2.3 Nabiximols
	8.3 Endocannabinoid System Modulators
		8.3.1 CB1R and CB2R Ligands
		8.3.2 Inhibitors of Metabolic Enzymes of Endocannabinoids
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Psychiatric Disorders and Cannabinoid Receptors
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Endocannabinoid Signaling in Psychiatric Disorders
	9.3 ECS Modulation of Neuro-Immune-Microbiome Cross Talk in Psychiatric Disorders
	9.4 Cannabinoid Receptors in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders
		9.4.1 Role of CBRs in Anxiety-Related Disorders
		9.4.2 Role of CBRs in Depression
			9.4.2.1 Role of CBRs in the Antidepressant Action of Ketamine
		9.4.3 Role of CBRs in Schizophrenia
		9.4.4 Role of CBRs Addictive Disorders
		9.4.5 Role of CBRs in Other Psychiatric Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disord...
	9.5 CBRs and Comorbidity between Psychiatric Disorders and Neurological Disturbances
	9.6 CBR Polymorphisms and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders
	9.7 Emerging Trends in Targeting CBRs in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders
	9.8 Current State of Evidence on the Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids
	9.9 Concluding Remarks
	References