Campbell Essential Biology

Campbell Essential Biology......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 3
Half Title Page......Page 5
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 9
Detailed Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 29
Acknowledgments......Page 32
Half Title Page......Page 39
1: Introduction: Biology Today......Page 40
 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Innate Passion for Life......Page 41
  Discovery Science......Page 42
  Hypothesis-Driven Science......Page 43
  The Properties of Life......Page 45
  Life in Its Diverse Forms......Page 46
  Evolution: Evolution......Page 48
  Information Flow: Information Flow......Page 52
  Energy Transformations: Pathways that Transform Energy and Matter......Page 53
  Interconnections within Systems: Interconnections within Biological Systems......Page 54
 Chapter Review......Page 56
UNIT 1: Cells......Page 59
 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology......Page 60
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Radiation and Health......Page 61
   Matter: Elements and Compounds......Page 62
   Atoms......Page 63
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Radioactive Tracers Identify Brain Diseases?......Page 64
   Chemical Bonding and Molecules......Page 65
   Chemical Reactions......Page 66
   Structure/Function: Water......Page 67
   Acids, Bases, and pH......Page 69
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock......Page 71
  Chapter Review......Page 72
 3: The Molecules of Life......Page 74
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Got Lactose?......Page 75
   Carbon Chemistry......Page 76
   Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks......Page 77
   Carbohydrates......Page 78
   Lipids......Page 81
   Proteins......Page 84
   Structure/Function: Protein Shape......Page 85
   Nucleic Acids......Page 87
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans......Page 89
  Chapter Review......Page 90
 4: A Tour of the Cell......Page 92
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells......Page 93
  The Microscopic World of Cells......Page 94
   The Two Major Categories of Cells......Page 95
   An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells......Page 96
   Structure/Function: The Plasma Membrane......Page 98
   Cell Surfaces......Page 99
   The Nucleus......Page 100
   How DNA Directs Protein Production......Page 101
   The Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 102
   The Golgi Apparatus......Page 103
   Lysosomes......Page 104
   Vacuoles......Page 105
   Mitochondria......Page 106
   Maintaining Cell Shape......Page 107
   Cilia and Flagella......Page 108
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans......Page 109
  Chapter Review......Page 110
 5: The Working Cell......Page 112
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Harnessing Cellular Structures......Page 113
   Conservation of Energy......Page 114
   Chemical Energy......Page 115
   Food Calories......Page 116
   Phosphate Transfer......Page 117
   Activation Energy......Page 118
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Enzymes Be Engineered?......Page 119
   Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 120
    Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes......Page 121
    Osmosis and Water Balance......Page 122
    Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules......Page 124
  Chapter Review......Page 125
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Getting the most out of your muscles......Page 128
   Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration......Page 130
   Energy Transformations: An Overview of Cellular Respiration......Page 132
   The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration......Page 134
   The Results of Cellular Respiration......Page 138
   Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells......Page 139
   Fermentation in Microorganisms......Page 140
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Importance of Oxygen......Page 141
  Chapter Review......Page 142
 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food......Page 144
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Greasy Crime Wave......Page 145
   Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis......Page 146
   Energy Transformations: An Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 147
   The Nature of Sunlight......Page 148
   Chloroplast Pigments......Page 149
   How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy......Page 150
   How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH......Page 151
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Creating a Better Biofuel Factory......Page 153
  Chapter Review......Page 154
UNIT 2: Genetics......Page 157
 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells......Page 158
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Virgin Birth of a Dragon......Page 159
  What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes......Page 160
   Eukaryotic Chromosomes......Page 161
   The Cell Cycle......Page 163
   Mitosis and Cytokinesis......Page 164
   Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control......Page 166
   Homologous Chromosomes......Page 168
   Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism......Page 169
   The Process of Meiosis......Page 170
   Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 172
   The Origins of Genetic Variation......Page 173
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do All Animals Have Sex?......Page 175
   When Meiosis Goes Awry......Page 176
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Advantages of Sex......Page 178
  Chapter Review......Page 179
 9: Patterns of Inheritance......Page 182
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment......Page 183
   In an Abbey Garden......Page 184
   Mendel’s Law of Segregation......Page 185
   Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment......Page 188
   The Rules of Probability......Page 190
   Family Pedigrees......Page 191
   Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene......Page 192
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Is the Genetic Basis of Coat Variation in Dogs?......Page 194
   Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People......Page 196
   ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance......Page 197
   Polygenic Inheritance......Page 198
   Epigenetics and the Role of Environment......Page 199
   Linked Genes......Page 200
   Sex-Linked Genes......Page 201
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree......Page 203
  Chapter Review......Page 204
 10: The Structure and Function of DNA......Page 208
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The First 21st-Century Pandemic......Page 209
   DNA and RNA Structure......Page 210
   Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix......Page 211
   Structure/Function: DNA Replication......Page 213
   How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype......Page 214
   From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview......Page 215
   The Genetic Code......Page 216
   Transcription: From DNA to RNA......Page 217
   Translation: The Players......Page 218
   Translation: The Process......Page 220
   Review: DNA ? RNA ? Protein......Page 221
   Mutations......Page 222
   Bacteriophages......Page 224
   Animal Viruses......Page 226
   HIV, the AIDS Virus......Page 228
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging Viruses......Page 230
  Chapter Review......Page 231
 11: How Genes Are Controlled......Page 234
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Tobacco’s Smoking Gun......Page 235
   Gene Regulation in Bacteria......Page 236
   Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells......Page 238
   Homeotic Genes......Page 241
   DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression......Page 242
   The Genetic Potential of Cells......Page 243
   Reproductive Cloning of Animals......Page 244
   Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells......Page 246
   Genes That Cause Cancer......Page 247
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Childhood Tumors Different?......Page 248
   Cancer Risk and Prevention......Page 250
  Chapter Review......Page 251
 12: DNA Technology......Page 254
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence......Page 255
    Recombinant DNA Techniques......Page 256
    Pharmaceutical Applications......Page 259
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture......Page 260
    Human Gene Therapy......Page 262
    DNA Profiling Techniques......Page 263
    Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA......Page 266
    Genomics......Page 267
    The Human Genome......Page 268
   Applied Genomics......Page 270
   Interconnections within Systems: Systems Biology......Page 271
   Safety and Ethical Issues......Page 272
    The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods......Page 273
    Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies......Page 274
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Y Chromosome as a Window on History......Page 275
  Chapter Review......Page 276
UNIT 3: Evolution and Diversity......Page 279
 13: How Populations Evolve......Page 280
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Evolution Today......Page 281
   Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life......Page 282
   Explaining the Diversity of Life......Page 283
   Darwin’s Journey......Page 284
   Evidence from Fossils......Page 286
   Evidence from Homologies......Page 288
   Evolutionary Trees......Page 290
   Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution......Page 291
    Natural Selection in Action......Page 292
    Sources of Genetic Variation......Page 293
    Populations as the Units of Evolution......Page 295
    Analyzing Gene Pools......Page 296
    Genetic Drift......Page 297
    Natural Selection: A Closer Look......Page 300
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance......Page 302
  Chapter Review......Page 303
 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves......Page 306
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Sixth Mass Extinction......Page 307
  The Origin of Species......Page 308
   What Is a Species?......Page 309
   Reproductive Barriers between Species......Page 310
   Evolution: Mechanisms of Speciation......Page 312
   The Fossil Record......Page 316
   Plate Tectonics and Biogeography......Page 318
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did a Meteor Kill the Dinosaurs?......Page 320
   Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes......Page 321
   The Evolution of Biological Novelty......Page 322
   Classification and Phylogeny......Page 324
   Classification: A Work in Progress......Page 326
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Rise of the Mammals......Page 327
  Chapter Review......Page 328
 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life......Page 330
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Invisible Inhabitants......Page 331
  Major Episodes in the History of Life......Page 332
   A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life......Page 334
   From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution......Page 336
   They’re Everywhere!......Page 337
   Structure/Function: Prokaryotes......Page 338
   The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes......Page 341
   The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea......Page 342
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?......Page 344
  Protists......Page 345
   Protozoans......Page 346
   Slime Molds......Page 347
   Seaweeds......Page 348
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans......Page 349
  Chapter Review......Page 350
 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi......Page 352
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Diamond of the Kitchen......Page 353
   Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants......Page 354
   Highlights of Plant Evolution......Page 356
   Bryophytes......Page 357
   Ferns......Page 359
   Gymnosperms......Page 360
   Angiosperms......Page 362
   Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource......Page 365
  Fungi......Page 366
   Structure/Function: Characteristics of Fungi......Page 367
   The Ecological Impact of Fungi......Page 368
   Commercial Uses of Fungi......Page 369
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis......Page 370
  Chapter Review......Page 371
 17: The Evolution of Animals......Page 374
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Discovery of the Hobbit People......Page 375
   What Is an Animal?......Page 376
   Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion......Page 377
   Evolution: Animal Phylogeny......Page 378
   Sponges......Page 379
   Cnidarians......Page 380
   Molluscs......Page 381
   Flatworms......Page 382
   Annelids......Page 383
   Roundworms......Page 384
   Arthropods......Page 385
   Echinoderms......Page 391
   Characteristics of Chordates......Page 392
   Fishes......Page 394
   Amphibians......Page 395
   Reptiles......Page 396
   Mammals......Page 398
   The Evolution of Primates......Page 399
   The Emergence of Humankind......Page 401
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Who Were the Hobbit People?......Page 403
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Are We Still Evolving?......Page 405
  Chapter Review......Page 406
UNIT 4: Ecology......Page 409
 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere......Page 410
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril......Page 411
   Ecology and Environmentalism......Page 412
   Interconnections of Systems: A Hierarchy of Interactions......Page 413
   Energy Source......Page 414
   Adjusting to Environmental Variability......Page 416
   Freshwater Biomes......Page 418
   Marine Biomes......Page 420
   How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution......Page 422
   Terrestrial Biomes......Page 423
   Interconnections within Systems: The Water Cycle......Page 429
   Forests......Page 430
   The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming......Page 432
   The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases......Page 433
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?......Page 434
   Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems......Page 435
   Looking to Our Future......Page 436
  Chapter Review......Page 437
 19: Population Ecology......Page 440
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Invasion of the Lionfish......Page 441
  An Overview of Population Ecology......Page 442
   Population Age Structure......Page 443
   Evolution: Life History Traits as Adaptations......Page 444
   The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment......Page 446
   The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment......Page 447
   Regulation of Population Growth......Page 448
   Sustainable Resource Management......Page 450
   Invasive Species......Page 451
   Biological Control of Pests......Page 452
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Biological Control Defeat Kudzu?......Page 453
   Integrated Pest Management......Page 454
   The History of Human Population Growth......Page 455
   Age Structures......Page 456
   Our Ecological Footprint......Page 457
  Chapter Review......Page 459
 20: Communities and Ecosystems......Page 462
  BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Why Biodiversity Matters......Page 463
   Species Diversity......Page 464
   Causes of Declining Biodiversity......Page 465
   Interspecific Interactions......Page 466
   Trophic Structure......Page 470
   Species Diversity in Communities......Page 473
   Ecological Succession......Page 474
  Ecosystem Ecology......Page 475
   Energy Transformations: Energy Flow in Ecosystems......Page 476
   Interconnections within Systems: Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems......Page 478
   Biodiversity “Hot Spots”......Page 482
   Conservation at the Ecosystem Level......Page 483
  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity?......Page 484
   Restoring Ecosystems......Page 485
   The Goal of Sustainable Development......Page 486
  EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Can Biophilia Save Biodiversity?......Page 487
  Chapter Review......Page 488
Appendix A: Metric Conversion Table......Page 491
Appendix B: The Periodic Table......Page 493
Appendix C: Credits......Page 495
Appendix D: Self-Quiz Answers......Page 499
Glossary......Page 503
Index......Page 519