Burket's Oral Medicine

Cover
Title Page
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis: Patient Evaluation
	INFORMATION GATHERING
		Medical History
		Patient Examination
		Consultations
	ESTABLISHING A DIFFERENTIAL AND FINAL DIAGNOSIS
	FORMULATING A PLAN OF ACTION
		Medical Risk Assessment
		Modification of Dental Care for Medically Complex Patients
		Monitoring and Evaluating Underlying Medical Conditions
	CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND ORAL DISEASE SEVERITY SCORING
		Oral Disease Severity Scoring
		Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Oral Mucosal Disease
	THE DENTAL AND MEDICAL RECORD
		Problem-Oriented Record
		SOAP Note
		Confidentiality
		Informed Consent
	TELEHEALTH/TELEDENTISTRY
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Overview of Clinical Research
	DEFINITIONS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
	STUDY DESIGNS
		Case Report and Case Series
		Cross-Sectional Studies
		Case-Control Studies
		Longitudinal Cohort Studies
		Clinical Trials
		Systematic Reviews
	ISSUES IN THE DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND QUALITY OF CLINICAL RESEARCH
		Study Design
		Sample Size
		Selection of Disease and Control Groups
		Potential for Bias
		Outcome Assessment
		Loss to Follow-up and Retention
		Analytical Issues
		Generalizability and Representativeness
	ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
		Clinical Trials Registration and Results Reporting
	SAFETY MONITORING
		Safety Reporting
		Safety Oversight
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Ulcerative, Vesicular, and Bullous Lesions
	THE PATIENT WITH ACUTE MULTIPLE LESIONS
		Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
		Varicella Zoster Virus (Vzv) Infection
		Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
		Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
		Coxsackievirus Infection
		Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Hfm)
		Herpangina
		Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis and Periodontitis
		Erythema Multiforme
		Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Sjs) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Tens)
		Plasma Cell Stomatitis and Oral Hypersensitivity Reactions
	THE PATIENT WITH RECURRING ORAL ULCERS
		Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS)
		Behçet’s Disease (Behçet Syndrome)
	THE PATIENT WITH CHRONIC MULTIPLE LESIONS
		Pemphigus
		Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV)
		Paraneoplastic Pemphigus (PNP)
		General
		Subepithelial Bullous Disorders
		Bullous Pemphigoid (BP)
		Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid [MMP]
		Linear IgA Disease (LAD)
		Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA)
	THE PATIENT WITH SINGLE ULCERS
		Traumatic Injuries Causing Solitary Ulcerations
		Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma (Eosinophilic Ulcer of Tongue)
	SUGGESTED READING
	REFERENCES
Chapter 4 Red and White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
	RED AND WHITE TISSUE REACTIONS
	INFECTIOUS DISEASES
		Oral Candidiasis
		Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
	ORAL POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS
		Oral Leukoplakia
		Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia
		Erythroplakia
		Oral Submucous Fibrosis
	IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC DISEASES
		Lichen Planus
		Oral Lichen Planus
		Oral Disease Severity Scoring
		Oral Lichenoid Drug Eruptions
		Lichenoid Reactions of Graft-versus-Host Disease
		Lupus Erythematosus
	ALLERGIC REACTIONS
		Oral Lichenoid Contact Reactions
		Reactions to Dentifrice and Chlorhexidine
	TOXIC REACTIONS
		Reactions to Smokeless Tobacco
		Smoker’s Keratosis
		Smoker’s Palate
	REACTIONS tO MECHANICAL TRAUMA
		Morsicatio (Mucosal Nibbling)
		Frictional Hyperkeratosis
	OTHER RED AND WHITE LESIONS
		Benign Migratory Glossitis (Geographic Tongue)
		Leukoedema
		White Sponge Nevus
		Hairy Tongue
	SELECTED READINGS
		Oral Candidiasis
		Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
		Hairy Leukoplakia
		Oral Leukoplakia
		Oral Erythroplakia
		Oral Submucous Fibrosis
		Oral Lichen Planus
		Oral Disease Severity Scoring
		Drug-Induced Lichenoid Reactions
		Lichenoid Reactions of Graft-versus-Host Disease
		Lichenoid Contact Reactions
		Lupus Erythematosus
		Proliferative Verrucous Leucoplakia
		Reactions to Dentifrice and Chlorhexidine
		Reactions to Smokeless Tobacco
		Smoker’s Palate
		Morsicatio
		Benign Migratory Glossitis (Geographic Tongue)
		Leukodema
		White Sponge Nevus
		Hairy Tongue
	REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Pigmented Lesions of the Oral Mucosa
	ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTATION
	FOCAL MELANOCYTIC PIGMENTATION
		Freckles/Ephelis
		Oral/Labial Melanotic Macule
		Oral Melanoacanthoma
		Melanocytic Nevus
		Malignant Melanoma
	MULTIFOCAL/DIFFUSE PIGMENTATION
		Physiologic Pigmentation
		Drug-Induced Melanosis
		Smoker’s Melanosis
		Postinflammatory (Inflammatory) Hyperpigmentation
		Melasma (Chloasma)
	MELANOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC OR GENETIC DISEASE
		Hypoadrenocorticism (Adrenal Insufficiency, Addison’s Disease)
		Cushing’s Syndrome/Cushing’s Disease
		Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease)
		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
		Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
		Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
		Café au Lait Pigmentation
		HIV/AIDS-Associated Melanosis
	IDIOPATHIC PIGMENTATION
		Laugier–Hunziker Pigmentation
	TREATMENT OF MUCOCUTANEOUS MELANOSIS
	DEPIGMENTATION
		Vitiligo
	HEMOGLOBIN AND IRON-ASSOCIATED PIGMENTATION
		Ecchymosis
		Purpura/Petechiae
		Hemochromatosis
	EXOGENOUS PIGMENTATION
		Amalgam Tattoos
		Graphite Tattoos
		Ornamental Tattoos
		Medicinal Metal-Induced Pigmentation
		Heavy Metal Pigmentation
		Drug-Induced Pigmentation
		Hairy Tongue
	CONCLUSION
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Benign Lesions of the Oral Cavity and the Jaws
	VARIANTS OF NORMAL
		Tori/Exostoses
		Unencapsulated Lymphoid Aggregates
		Fordyce Spots
	BENIGN SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
	INFLAMMATORY/REACTIVE EXOPHYTIC SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
		Irritation Fibroma
		Fibrous Inflammatory Hyperplasias/Epulis Fissuratum
		Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia
		Pyogenic Granuloma and Pregnancy Tumor
		Peripheral Ossifying or Cementifying Fibroma
		Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
		Nodular Fasciitis
		Proliferative Myositis and Focal Myositis
		Reactive Gingival Enlargement
	BENIGN SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
		Epithelial Tumors
		Other Benign Epithelial Growths
		Hemangiomas
		Capillary, Venous, and Arterial/Arteriovenous Vascular Malformations
		Other Angiomatous Syndromes
		Lymphatic Malformations
		Other Vascular Growths
	NEUROGENIC TUMORS21
		Traumatic Neuroma
		Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma
		Oral Mucosal Neuromas and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome 2B (MEN 2B)
		Neurofibroma and Schwannoma (aka Neurilemmoma)
		Granular Cell Tumor
		Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
	LIPOMA
	TUMORS OF MUSCLE
	BENIGN HARD TISSUE LESIONS
	BENIGN FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS
		Fibrous Dysplasia
		Ossifying Fibroma
		Cemento-Osseous Dysplasias
	LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (HISTIOCYTOSIS X)
		Etiology and Pathogenesis
		Epidemiology
		Clinical, Radiographic, and Histologic Manifestations
		Differential Diagnosis
		Management
	GIANT CELL LESIONS OF BONE
		Central Giant Cell Granuloma (Central Giant Cell Lesion)
		Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		Cherubism
	PAGET’S DISEASE OF BONE (OSTEITIS DEFORMANS)
		Etiology and Pathogenesis
		Epidemiology
		Clinical, Radiographic, and Histologic Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Management
	CYSTS OF THE JAWS AND ADJACENT SOFT TISSUES
		Odontogenic Cysts
		Nonodontogenic cysts
		Pseudocysts
	ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
		Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors
		Mesenchymal Odontogenic Tumors
		Mixed Odontogenic Tumors
	BENIGN NONODONTOGENIC TUMORS OF THE JAWS
		Osteomas and Gardner Syndrome
		Osteoblastoma and Osteoid Osteoma
		Chondroma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma
		Desmoplastic Fibroma
	SELECTED READINGS
		Benign Soft Tissue Lesions
		Benign Hard Tissue Lesions
	REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Head and Neck Cancer
	EPIDEMIOLOGY
	ORAL CANCER CLASSIFICATION
	SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNX
		Etiology and Risk Factors
		Pathogenesis
		Oncoviruses
	PRESENTING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
	DIAGNOSIS AND HISTOPATHOLOGY
		Staging and Grading of Oral Cancer: Tumor–Nodes–Metastasis System
		Adjunctive Diagnostic Aids and Screening Tools
		Imaging
		Acquisition of a Tissue Specimen
		Treatment
		Multidisciplinary Care Model
		Oral Complications
	SURGICAL ONCOLOGY
		Robotic Surgery
		Advances in Ablative Oral Cavity Surgery
		Microvascular Reconstruction
		Management of the Neck
		Computer-Assisted Surgical Planning
	RADIATION ONCOLOGY
		Radiation Sources
		Proton Therapy
		Cancer Treatment Planning
	CHEMOTHERAPY
		Systemic Therapy for Previously Untreated, Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Systemic Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
	PROGNOSIS
	PREVENTION
		Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
		Early Diagnosis and Cancer Control
	MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
		Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
	MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE JAW
	OSTEOSARCOMA
		Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
		Treatment and Prognosis
	SARCOMAS OF THE SOFT TISSUES
	METASTASES TO THE HEAD AND NECK
	NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
	MUCOSAL MELANOMA
	PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND ORAL CANCER
	HEAD AND NECK MALIGNANT DISEASE IN HIV/AIDS
	CONCLUSION
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 8 Oral Complications of Nonsurgical Cancer Therapies
	OVERVIEW
		Types of Cancer Therapies
		Epidemiology of Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies
	TARGETED CANCER THERAPIES
		Oral Ulcerations/Stomatitis Induced by Targeted Cancer Therapies
	THE ONCOLOGY PATIENT RECEIVING BONE-MODIFYING AGENTS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Salivary Gland Diseases
	INTRODUCTION
	SALIVARY GLAND ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	DIAGNOSIS OF THE PATIENT WITH SALIVARY GLAND DISEASE
		Symptoms of Salivary Gland Dysfunction
		Medical History
		Clinical Examination
		Sialometry
		Sialochemistry
		Salivary Diagnostics
		Salivaomics
		Salivary Gland Imaging
		Plain Film Radiography
		Ultrasonography
		Conventional Computed Tomography
		Cone Beam CT (CBCT)
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		PET/CT and PET/MRI
		Sialography
		CT Sialography
		CBCT Sialography
		MR Sialography
		Salivary Gland Scintigraphy
		Sialendoscopy
		Salivary Gland Biopsy
		Minor Salivary Gland Biopsy
		Major Salivary Gland Biopsy
		Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
	CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
		Ultrasound-Guided Core Needle Aspiration
		Frozen Section Analysis
		Serologic Evaluation
	SPECIFIC DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
		Developmental Abnormalities
		Mucoceles and Ranulas
		Inflammatory and Reactive Conditions
		Viral Diseases
		Bacterial Sialadenitis
	MANAGEMENT OF XEROSTOMIA AND HYPOSALIVATION
		Preventive Therapies
		Symptomatic Treatment
		Salivary Stimulation
	SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	SUGGESTED READING
	REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Temporomandibular Disorders
	BACKGROUND
		Anatomy
		Epidemiology
		Etiology
		Classification
	ASSESSMENT
		History
		Behavioral Assessment
		Physical Examination
		Diagnostic Imaging
		Diagnostic Local Anesthetic Nerve Blocks
		Occlusion
	MANAGEMENT: GENERAL GUIDELINES
		Prediction of Chronicity
		Principles of Treatment
		Referral to a Pain Specialist
	SPECIFIC DISORDERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
		Myalgia and Myofascial Pain of The Masticatory Muscles
		Articular Disc Disorders
		Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis
		Connective Tissue Disease
		Diseases Associated with Crystal Deposits in Joints
		Synovial Chondromatosis
		Septic Arthritis
	OTHER DISORDERS
		Myositis
		Contracture
		Trismus
		Developmental Disturbances
		Fractures
		Dislocation
		Ankylosis
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Neuropathic Orofacial Pain
	INTRODUCTION
	NEUROPATHIC PAIN
		Neuropathic Orofacial Pain
		Orofacial Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
		Classic Facial Neuralgias
		Central Causes of Facial Pain
	PAIN ASSESSMENT
		Pain Scales
		Pain Questionnaires
		Quantitative Sensory Testing
		Dynamic Pain Psychophysical Testing
	SUGGESTED READING
	REFERENCES
Chapter 12 Common Headache Disorders
	CLASSIFICATION
	DIAGNOSING HEADACHES
	PRIMARY HEADACHES
		Migraine (ICD-10: G43)
		Tension-Type Headache (ICD-10: G44.2)
		Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (ICD-10: G44.0)
		Cluster Headache
		Paroxysmal Hemicrania
		Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks
		Hemicrania Continua
	SECONDARY HEADACHES
		Headache Attributed to Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (ICD-10: G44.810)
		Headache Attributed to Giant Cell Arteritis (ICD-10: G44.812)
		Headache Attributed to Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (ICD-10: G44.820)
		Headache Attributed to Intracranial Neoplasm (ICD-10: G44.822)
		Sleep Apnea Headache (ICD-10: G44.882)
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 13 Diseases of the Respiratory Tract
	UPPER AIRWAY DISEASES
		Viral Upper Respiratory Infections
		Allergic Rhinitis and Conjunctivitis and Nonallergic Rhinitis
		Otitis Media
		Sinusitis
		Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
	LOWER AIRWAY DISEASES
		Acute Bronchitis
		Pneumonia
		Bronchiolitis
		Asthma
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
		Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		Pulmonary Embolism
		Pulmonary Neoplasm
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
	GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CARDIAC PATIENT
		Importance of the Medical History
		Importance of Preventive Dentistry
		Stress
		Use of Vasoconstrictors for Dental Procedures
		Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		Oral Manifestations of Cardiac Medications
	HYPERTENSION
		Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology
		Cardiovascular Risk Association
		Diagnostic Evaluation
		Management
		Dental Management Considerations for Patients with Hypertension
	CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
		Definition and Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology of Stable Coronary Artery Disease versus Acute Coronary Syndromes
		Risk Factors
		Diagnosis
	ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
	DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
		Dental Management Considerations for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
		Dental Management Considerations for Patients with Angina
	STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE
		Valvular Heart Disease
		Mitral Valve Disease
		Diagnostic Evaluation
		Treatment
		Aortic Valve Disease
		Prosthetic Heart Valves
		Congenital Heart Disease
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Dental Management Considerations
		Considerations Concerning Bacteremia and Antibiotic Prophylaxis
	HEART FAILURE
		Definition and Epidemiology
		Diagnosis
		Classification
		Management
		Dental Management Considerations for Patients with Heart Failure
		Dental Management Considerations for Cardiac Transplantation
	ARRHYTHMIA
		Definition and Incidence
		Bradyarrhythmias
		Tachyarrhythmias
		Dental Management Considerations
	CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLANTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
		Implantable Loop Recorders
		Pacemakers
		Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators
		Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection
		Dental Management Considerations
	VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE
		Definition and Epidemiology
		Diagnosis
		Management
		Dental Management Considerations for Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy and Invasive Dental Procedures
	SUGGESTED
READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 15 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	DISEASES OF THE UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT
		Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Hiatal Hernia
	DISEASES OF THE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT
		Disorders of the Stomach
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Disorders of the Small Intestines
		Duodenal Ulcer Disease
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Crohn’s Disease
		Antibiotic-Induced Diarrhea and Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis
		Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System
		Jaundice
		Hemolytic Jaundice
		Obstructive Jaundice (Cholestasis)
		Hereditary Disorders of Conjugation
		Hepatocellular Jaundice
		Alcoholic Liver Disease and Alcoholic Hepatitis
		Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity
		Liver Cirrhosis
	GASTROINTESTINAL SYNDROMES
		Plummer–Vinson Syndrome
		Polyposis Syndromes
		Gardner Syndrome
		Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
		Cowden Syndrome
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Renal Diseases
	KIDNEY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
	FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, AND ACID–BASE HOMEOSTASIS
	DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES IN KIDNEY DISEASES
		Biochemical Profile
		Urinalysis
		Creatinine Clearance Test
		Renal Ultrasonography
		Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Intravenous Pyelography
		Nuclear Medicine (Radionuclide Scintigraphy)
		Kidney Biopsy
	ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
		Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury or Prerenal Azotemia
		Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury
		Postrenal Failure
	CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
		Epidemiology and Progression
		Diet and Chronic Kidney Disease
		Uremic Toxins, the Microbiome, and Chronic Kidney Disease
		Chronic Kidney Disease, End-Stage Renal Disease, and Cardiovascular Mortality
		Renal Replacement Therapy in End-Stage Renal Disease
	ORAL CONDITIONS IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASE
		Oral Symptoms
		Oral Signs
		A. Soft Tissue Lesions: 01. Oral Mucosa Lesions
		02. Tongue Conditions
		03. Periodontal Conditions
		B. Hard Tissue Lesions: 01. Tooth Conditions
		02. Bone Conditions
	DENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT
		Hematologic Conditions
		Medications
		Cardiovascular Considerations
	CONCLUSIONS
		Limitations to the Current Literature Evidence
	KEY REFERENCES
	SUGGESTED READING
	REFERENCES
Chapter 17 Hematologic Diseases
	HEMATOPOIESIS
	RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS
		Erythrocytosis
		Anemia
		Thalassemia
		Impaired Maturation (Macrocytosis)
		B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia
		Accelerated Destruction, Consumption, or Loss
		Sickle Cell Disease
		Cell Membrane Defects
		Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
		Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
		Aplastic Anemia
	WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS
		Granulocytosis/Neutrophilia
		Neutropenia
		Leukemia
		Lymphomas
		Myelodysplastic Syndrome
		Multiple Myeloma
		Oral Health Considerations
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 18 Bleeding and Clotting Disorders
	EPIDEMIOLOGY
	MECHANISMS OF HEMOSTASIS
		Endothelial Injury and Platelet Plug Formation
		The Coagulation Cascade and Propagation of Clotting
		Termination
		Fibrinolysis
	GENERAL WORKUP OF PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED BLEEDING OR CLOTTING DISORDER
		Patient History and Clinical Features
		Laboratory Studies
	BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS
		Scurvy
		Cushing’s Syndrome
		Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
		Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
	PLATELET DISORDERS
		Congenital Platelet Disorders
		Acquired Platelet Disorders—Systemic
		Acquired Platelet Disorders—Drug-Induced/Therapeutic
		Medical Management of Platelet Disorders
	COAGULATION DISORDERS
		Congenital Coagulation Disorders
		Acquired Coagulation Disorders—Systemic
		Acquired Coagulation Disorders—Drug-Induced/Therapeutic
		Medical Management of Coagulation Disorders
		Dental Management of Coagulation Disorders
		Dental Management of Patients on Anticoagulant Therapy
	GENERAL DENTAL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
		Local Hemostatic Measures
		Antifibrinolytics
		Susceptibility to Infection
		Pain Control and Local Anesthesia
		Ability to Withstand Care
		Preventive and Periodontal Therapies
		Restorative, Endodontic, and Prosthodontic Therapy
		Pediatric Dental Therapy
		Orthodontic Therapy
		Dental Implants
		Dental Surgery (Extractions)
	NOTE
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 19 Immunologic Diseases
	THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: PROTECTION FROMPATHOGEN CHALLENGE
	THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE MOUTH
		Saliva
		Oral Epithelium
		Immune Cells
		Innate Immunity
		Adaptive Immunity
		Maintenance of Immune Homeostasis in the Oral Cavity
	PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
		Immunodeficiencies Affecting Cellular and Humoral Immunity (T Cells/B Cells)
		Combined Immunodeficiency with Syndromic Features
		Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
		Diseases of Immune Dysregulation
		Congenital Defects of Phagocyte Numberand/or Function
		Defects of Intrinsic and Innate Immunity
		Autoinflammatory Disorders
		Complement Deficiencies
		Phenocopies of Primary Immunodeficiencies
	AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
		Sjögren Syndrome
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
		Dermatomyositis and Other Inflammatory Myopathies
		Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
	GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES
		Susceptibility to Infections
		Risk of Bleeding
		Adrenal Suppression
		Cardiovascular Disease
		Liver and/or Kidney Disease
		Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
		Dental and Periodontal Disease
		Oral Mucosal Involvement as an Adverse Effect of Immunosuppressive Therapy
	ALLERGIC AND HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
		Hypersensitivity Reactions
		Localized Anaphylaxis
		Generalized Anaphylaxis
		Latex Allergy
		Oral Allergy Syndrome
		Immune Complex Diseases: Serum Sickness and Erythema Multiforme
		Delayed Hypersensitivity: Oral Lichenoid Reactions
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	SELECTED READINGS
		Principles of Immunity
		Primary Immunodeficiencies
		Autoimmune Diseases
		General Considerations for DentalManagement of Patients withImmune-Mediated Diseases
		Principles of Oral Immunity
		Allergy and Hypersensitivity Reactions
	REFERENCES
Chapter 20 Transplantation Medicine
	INTRODUCTION
	CLASSIFICATION
	TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY
	CLINICAL INDICATIONS
	MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
	BLOOD AND TISSUE TYPING
	IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
		Calcineurin Inhibitors
		Inhibitors of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
		Inhibitors of Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis
		Corticosteroids
		Antibody-Based Immunosuppression
		Conditioning in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
		Other Immune-Modulating Agents
		Newer Immunosuppressive Strategies
	ANTIMICROBIAL MEDICATION
	COMPLICATIONS
		Rejection
		Complications of Immunosuppression Medication
		Complications of Immune Modulation
		Specific Complications of Transplantation
		Solid Organ Transplantation
		Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
	LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS POST TRANSPLANT
	ORAL HEALTH SEQUELAE IN TRANSPLANTATION
		Infections
		Dental Caries
		Periodontal and Gingival Complications
		Oral Ulcerations Due to Medications
		Dysgeusia and Dysphagia
		Malignancy
		Graft-versus-Host Disease
		Benign Soft Tissue Overgrowth (Nongingival)
		Oral Mucositis
		Salivary Gland Dysfunction
		Developmental Abnormalities
		Neurologic Complications
		Vitamin Deficiency–Related Oral Lesions
	DENTAL TREATMENT
		Pre-transplantation Considerations
		Post-transplantation Considerations
	SUMMARY
	Suggested Readings
	REFERENCES
Chapter 21 Infectious Diseases
	BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
		Chlamydia
		Gonorrhea
		Syphilis
		Actinomycosis
		Tuberculosis
	FUNGAL INFECTIONS
		Blastomycosis
		Histoplasmosis
		Paracoccidioidomycosis
		Aspergillosis
		Cryptococcosis
		Mucormycosis
	VIRAL DISEASES
		Herpes Group of Viruses
		Human Papilloma Virus
		Coxsackie Virus
		Other Viruses with Orofacial Manifestations
		Congenital and Neonatal Viral Infections
		Hepatitis Virus
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus
		Coronaviruses
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 22 Disorders of the Endocrine System and of Metabolism
	ENDOCRINE DISEASES
		Hormones
		Primary and Secondary Endocrine Gland Failure
		Investigations of Endocrine Function12
		Causes of Endocrine Disease
		HYPOTHALAMUSAND PITUITARY
		Pituitary Gland
		Hormone Excess
		Hypopituitarism
	ABNORMALITIES OF GROWTH 
AND STATURE
		Growth Hormone
		Growth Assessment and Treatment
		Acromegaly and Gigantism (Growth Hormone Excess)
	HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
	DISORDERSOF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
		Thirst Axis
	DIABETES INSIPIDUS
	SYNDROMEOF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
	THYROID DISEASE
		Epidemiology
		Thyroid Gland: Anatomy and Physiology
		Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism
		Graves’ Orbitopathy
		Thyroid Crisis
		Thyroid Hormone Resistance
		Goiter (Thyroid Enlargement)
		Thyroid Malignancies
		Stomatognathic Manifestations and Complications of Thyroid Disease
		Dental Management of the Patient with Thyroid Gland Disorders
	DISORDERSOF THE ADRENAL GLANDS (CORTEX)
		Cushing’s Syndrome (Glucocorticoid Excess)
		Conn’s Syndrome (Mineralocorticoid Excess)
		Addison’s Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)
		Pheochromocytoma
		Stomatognathic Manifestations and Complications of Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
		Dental Management of Patients with Adrenal Gland Disorders
	GONADSAND GONADAL DYSFUNCTION
		Precocious Puberty, Delayed Puberty, Hypogonadism, and Menopause
		Oral Manifestations of Gonadal Disorders
		Dental Management of Patients with Gonadal Disorders
	DIABETES MELLITUS
		Epidemiology
		Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose142
		Insulin
		Glucagon
		Amylin
		Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
		Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
		Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		Diagnosis and Monitoring
		Management
		Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
		Stomatognathic Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
		Dental Treatment Planning Considerations
		Major Surgery, General Anesthesia, and Hospital Admission
		Managing the Diabetic Emergency in the Dental Office
	OBESITY
		Metabolic Syndrome
		Stomatognathic Manifestations and Complications of Obesity190,191
	DISORDERSOF BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM
		Bone Cells
		Bone Growth and Remodeling
		Calcium Homeostasis
		Vitamin D Metabolism
		Parathyroid Hormone
		Calcitonin
		Sclerostin
	PARATHYROIDGLAND AND DISORDERS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
		Hyperparathyroidism
		Hypoparathyroidism
		Hypocalcemia
		Chronic Renal Failure
		Stomatognathic Manifestations of Parathyroid Gland Disorders
	OSTEOPOROSIS
		Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis (and Consequent Fractures)
		Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
	MEDICATION-RELATE DOSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAWS
		Evolution of the Nomenclature
		Case Definition
		Staging
		Definitions of High-Dose versus Low-Dose Antiresorptive Therapy
		Window Periods for Patients on High-Dose Antiresorptive Therapy
		Risk Factors
		Treatment Goals
		Prevention
		Established Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws
	DISORDERSOF INTERMEDIATE METABOLISM
		Inheritable Disorders of Connective Tissue: Skeletal Dysplasia
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 23 Neurologic Diseases
	CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
		Epidemiology and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Oral Health Considerations
	MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
		Epidemiology and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Oral Health Considerations
	ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
		Epidemiology and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Oral Health Considerations
	SEIZURE DISORDERS
		Epidemiology and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Oral Health Considerations
	PARKINSON’S DISEASE
		Epidemiology and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Oral Health Considerations
	MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
		Epidemiology and Etiology
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Oral Health Considerations
	OROFACIAL DYSKINESIA/DYSTONIA
		Tardive Dyskinesia
		Edentulous Dyskinesia
		Spontaneous Dyskinesia
		Oromandibular Dystonia
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 24 Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects of Oral Health
	PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH OROFACIAL PAIN
		The Biopsychosocial Model and Relationship to the Gate Control Theory of Pain
		Psychological Assessment of Individuals with Chronic Orofacial Pain
	PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN CHRONIC OROFACIAL PAIN AND OTHER LONG-TERM CONDITIONS
	APPEARANCE-RELATED ISSUES
		Psychosocial Issues Experienced by People with a Visible Difference
		Identification and Management of Psychosocial Issues
	COMMUNICATING WITH PATIENTS
		Effective Communication in Medical/Dental Settings
		Breaking Difficult News
	PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS IN ORAL MEDICINE
		Somatic Symptom Disorders
		Body Dysmorphic Disorder
		Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
	CONCLUSIONS
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 25 Pediatric Oral Medicine
	CONSIDERATIONS IN CHILDREN
		Eliciting History
		Patient Examination
		Diagnostic Investigations
		Treatment
		Consent
	DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS
		Developmental Oral Cysts of the Newborn
		Lymphangioma of the Alveolar Ridge
		Eruption Cyst
		Congenital Epulis of the Newborn (Congenital Granular Cell Tumor)
		Lingual Thyroid
		Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
		Vascular Anomalies
		Lip Anomalies
		Tongue Anomalies
		Retrocuspid Papillae
		Café-au-Lait Pigmentation
		Congenital Lingual Melanotic Macule
		Physiologic Pigmentation
		Genetic Disorders with Significant Oral Mucosal Findings
		Natal and Neonatal Teeth
		Developmental Alterations in Number, Size, Shape, and Structure of Teeth
	ACQUIRED CONDITIONS
		Infectious Conditions
		Common Malignant Conditions with Oral Mucosal Findings in Children
		Systemic Diseases and Related Medical Therapy with Significant Oral Mucosal Findings
		Orofacial Pain in Children
	DISTURBANCES IN TOOTH EXFOLIATION AND ERUPTION PATTERNS
		Early Exfoliation of Teeth
		Delayed Eruption of Teeth
	SUGGESTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 26 Geriatric Oral Medicine
	CONCEPTS OF AGING
	GERIATRIC PATIENT ASSESSMENT
	PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS IN OLDER ADULTS
		Pharmacokinetics
		Pharmacodynamics
		Polypharmacy
		Medication Adherence
		The Beers Criteria
		Tools for Medication Assessment
	HEALTH LITERACY
	COMMON CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH
	AGE-RELATED SYSTEMIC CHANGES
	MOST COMMON SYSTEMIC DISEASES IN OLDER ADULTS
		Dementia
		Arthritis
	AGE-RELATED ORAL CHANGES
		Oral Motor and Sensory Function
		Orofacial Pain
		Dentition
		Periodontal Tissues
		Oral Mucosa
		Salivary Glands
	INSTITUTIONALIZED OLDER ADULTS
	SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMMUNICATION AND ORAL HYGIENE INSTRUCTION
	CONCLUSION
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 27 The Role of Genetics in Oral Medicine
	BASIC HUMAN GENETIC PRINCIPLES
		History of Genetics and the Human Genome Project
		DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein
		Regulation of Gene Expression
	TYPES OF DNA VARIATION
		Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
		Insertions and Deletions
		Copy Number Variations
		Chromosomal Rearrangements
	GENETIC DISEASES AND DISORDERS
		Mendelian Diseases and Disorders
		Chromosomal Rearrangements
		Imprinting Disorders
		Mitochondrial Disorders
		Multifactorial Disorders
	GENOMICS IN THE FUTURE
	REFERENCES
Chapter 28 Laboratory Medicine and Diagnostic Pathology
	PREANALYTIC PHASE OF LABORATORY TESTING
		Point-of-Care Testing
		Laboratory Analysis
	POSTANALYTIC PHASE OF LABORATORY TESTING
		Blood
		Hemoglobin Concentration
		Hematocrit
		Red Cell Indices
		Peripheral Smear
		Platelets
		Analysis of White Blood Cells
		Granulocytes
		Monocytes
		Lymphocytes
	DIAGNOSTIC ORAL PATHOLOGY
		Lesion Description
		Clinical Adjuncts to Diagnosis
		Clinical Assessment
		Anatomic Pathology Laboratory
		Biopsy
		Salivary Diagnostics
	CONCLUSION
	SELECTED READINGS
	REFERENCES
Chapter 29 How to Identify, Interpret and Apply the Scientific Literature to Practice
	DEFINING AND ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTION
		PICO Questions
	SEARCHING THE LITERATURE
		Search Strategies
		Databases and Other Resources
	SELECTING THE RIGHT ARTICLE
		Type of Clinical Information
		Causation, Association, and Correlation
	BIAS, CONFOUNDING, AND RANDOM ERROR
		Bias and Confounding
		Random Error
	INTERPRETING STUDY RESULTS
		Outcome Measures in Clinical Research
		Clinical versus Statistical Significance
		What Is the Null Hypothesis?
		P-Values, What They Are, and What They Are Not
		Interpreting Confidence Intervals
		Use of Thresholds to Interpret Evidence: The Minimal Important Difference
	APPLYING THE RESULTS TO PRACTICE AND POLICY
		Consideration of All Patient/Person-Centered Outcomes
		Balancing Benefits and Harms (Magnitude of Desirable and Undesirable Effects)
		Patients Similar to the Ones in My Practice
		Utilization of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinicians’ Expertise
	SELECTIVE READINGS
	REFERENCES
Index
EULA