Building construction: principles, materials and systems, 2009 update

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CONTENTS......Page 14
PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION......Page 20
1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE BUILDING DELIVERY PROCESS—HOW BUILDINGS COME INTO BEING......Page 22
1.2 Predesign Phase......Page 23
1.3 Design Phase......Page 24
1.4 CSI MasterFormat and Specifications......Page 28
1.5 Preconstruction (Bid Negotiation) Phase......Page 30
1.6 Construction Phase......Page 34
1.7 Construction Contract Administration......Page 35
1.8 Postconstruction (Project Closeout) Phase......Page 37
1.10 Construction Management (CM) Method......Page 38
1.11 CM at Risk (CMAR) Method......Page 40
1.12 Design-Build (DB) Method......Page 41
2 GOVERNMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON CONSTRUCTION......Page 44
2.1 Objectives of a Building Code......Page 45
2.2 Enforcement of a Building Code......Page 48
2.3 Prescriptive and Performance Codes......Page 51
2.4 Model Codes......Page 52
2.5 Contents of a Building Code......Page 54
2.6 Application of a Building Code......Page 55
2.7 Construction Standards......Page 59
2.8 Other Major Governmental Constraints......Page 61
2.9 Zoning Ordinance......Page 62
2.10 Building Accessibility—Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)......Page 63
Principles in Practice: Code Allowable Area and Height of a Building......Page 65
3 LOADS ON BUILDINGS......Page 72
3.2 Live Loads......Page 74
3.3 Rain Loads......Page 75
3.4 Wind Load Basics......Page 76
3.5 Factors That Affect Wind Loads......Page 80
3.6 Roof Snow Load......Page 82
3.7 Earthquake Load......Page 83
3.8 Factors That Affect Earthquake Loads......Page 87
3.9 Wind Versus Earthquake Resistance of Buildings......Page 88
Principles in Practice: Dead Load and Live Load Estimation......Page 90
4 LOAD RESISTANCE—THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS......Page 98
4.1 Compressive and Tensile Strengths of Materials......Page 99
4.2 Ductility and Brittleness......Page 102
4.3 Yield Strength of Materials......Page 104
4.4 Elasticity and Plasticity......Page 105
4.5 Modulus of Elasticity......Page 106
4.6 Bending Strength of Materials......Page 107
4.7 Shear Strength of Materials......Page 111
4.8 Bearing Strength of Materials......Page 112
4.9 Structural Failures......Page 113
4.10 Structural Safety......Page 115
5 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS......Page 120
5.1 Units of Energy......Page 122
5.2 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation......Page 123
5.3 R-Value of a Building Component......Page 124
5.4 R-Value of a Multilayer Component......Page 128
5.5 Surface Emissivity......Page 129
5.6 U-Value of an Assembly......Page 132
5.7 Where and How Much to Insulate......Page 135
5.8 Thermal Capacity......Page 141
5.9 The Most Effective Face of the Envelope for Insulation......Page 143
Principles in Practice: Insulating Materials......Page 144
6 AIR AND WATER VAPOR FLOW PROPERTIES......Page 154
6.1 Air Leakage Control......Page 155
6.2 Air Diffusion Control......Page 156
6.3 Water Vapor in Air......Page 159
6.4 Condensation of Water Vapor......Page 161
6.6 Materials Used as Vapor Retarders......Page 162
6.7 Location of Vapor Retarder in the Assembly......Page 164
6.8 Vapor Retarder Under a Concrete Slab-on-Ground......Page 165
Principles in Practice: Where Dew Point Occurs in an Assembly......Page 167
7 FIRE-RELATED PROPERTIES......Page 172
7.1 Fire Code and Building Code......Page 174
7.3 Products Given Off in a Building Fire......Page 175
7.4 Fire-Rated Assemblies and Compartmentalization of a Building......Page 177
7.5 Types of Construction......Page 178
7.6 Fire-Stopping of Penetrations and Fire-Sealing of Joints......Page 182
7.7 Fire-Test Response Characteristics of Interior Finishes......Page 183
7.8 Importance of Active Fire Protection......Page 185
8 ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS......Page 188
8.1 Frequency, Speed, and Wavelength of Sound......Page 189
8.3 Airborne and Structure-Borne Sounds......Page 190
8.4 Airborne Sound Insulation—Sound-Transmission Class......Page 191
8.5 Structure-Borne Sound Insulation—Impact Insulation Class......Page 194
8.6 Sound Absorption—Noise-Reduction Coefficient......Page 195
9 PRINCIPLES OF JOINTS AND SEALANTS (EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION CONTROL)......Page 198
9.1 Types of Movement Joints......Page 199
9.2 Building Separation Joints and Seismic Joints......Page 200
9.3 Movement Joints in Building Components......Page 203
9.4 Thermal Movement......Page 205
9.5 Moisture Movement......Page 207
9.6 Elastic Deformation and Creep......Page 209
9.7 Total Joint Dimension......Page 210
9.8 Principles of Joint Detailing......Page 211
9.9 Components of a Sealed Joint......Page 212
9.10 Types and Properties of Joint Sealants......Page 213
10 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION......Page 218
10.2 Assessing the Sustainability of Buildings......Page 221
10.3 Characteristics of Sustainable Buildings Products......Page 223
10.4 Assessing the Sustainability of Building Products and Assemblies......Page 227
10.5 Assessing Product Sustainability Based on a Single or Limited Set of Attributes......Page 228
10.6 Assessing Sustainability of Building Products and Assemblies Based on a Comprehensive Set of Attributes......Page 230
PART 2: MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS......Page 236
11 MATERIALS FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION–I (LUMBER)......Page 238
11.1 Introduction......Page 239
11.2 Growth Rings and Wood’s Microstructure......Page 242
11.3 Softwoods and Hardwoods......Page 244
11.4 From Logs to Finished Lumber......Page 248
11.5 Drying of Lumber......Page 250
11.6 Lumber Surfacing......Page 253
11.8 Board Foot Measure......Page 254
11.10 Lumber’s Strength and Appearance......Page 256
11.11 Lumber Grading......Page 258
11.13 Fungal Decay......Page 261
11.14 Termite Control......Page 262
11.15 Preservative-Treated Wood......Page 264
11.16 Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood......Page 266
Principles in Practice: Typical Grade Stamps of Visually Graded Lumber......Page 268
12 MATERIALS FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION–II (MANUFACTURED WOOD PRODUCTS, FASTENERS, AND CONNECTORS)......Page 272
12.1 Glulam Members......Page 273
12.2 Structural Composite Lumber—LVL and PSL......Page 276
12.3 Wood I-Joists......Page 277
12.4 Wood Trusses......Page 278
12.6 Plywood Panels......Page 282
12.7 OSB Panels......Page 284
12.8 Specifying Wood Panels—Panel Ratings......Page 286
12.9 Fasteners for Connecting Wood Members......Page 288
12.10 Sheet Metal Connectors......Page 292
13 WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION–I......Page 296
13.1 Evolution of Wood Light Frame Construction......Page 297
13.2 Contemporary Wood Light Frame—The Platform Frame......Page 299
13.3 Frame Configuration and Spacing of Members......Page 301
13.4 Essentials of Wall Framing......Page 302
13.5 Framing Around Wall Openings......Page 305
13.6 Essentials of Floor Framing......Page 308
13.7 Roof Types and Roof Slope......Page 312
13.8 Essentials of Roof Framing......Page 314
13.9 Vaulted Ceilings......Page 318
13.10 Sheathing Applied to a Frame......Page 319
13.11 Equalizing Cross-Grain Lumber Dimensions......Page 321
Principles in Practice: Constructing a Two-Story Wood Light Frame Building......Page 323
Principles in Practice: How a WLF Building Resists Loads......Page 330
14 WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION–II......Page 338
14.1 Exterior Wall Finishes in a WLF Building......Page 339
14.2 Horizontal Sidings......Page 340
14.3 Vertical Sidings......Page 344
14.4 Finishing the Eaves, Rakes, and Ridge......Page 345
14.5 Gypsum Board......Page 347
14.6 Installing and Finishing Interior Drywall......Page 350
14.7 Fire-Resistance Ratings of WLF Assemblies......Page 353
15 STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANEL SYSTEM......Page 356
15.1 Basics of the Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) System......Page 357
15.2 SIP Wall Assemblies......Page 358
15.4 SIP Roof Assemblies......Page 361
15.5 Advantages and Limitations of SIPS......Page 363
16 THE MATERIAL STEEL AND STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION......Page 368
16.1 Making of Modern Steel......Page 371
16.2 Structural Steel Shapes and Their Designations......Page 373
16.3 Steel Joists and Joist Girders......Page 377
16.4 Steel Roof and Floor Decks......Page 382
16.5 Preliminary Layout of Framing Members......Page 387
16.6 Bolts and Welds......Page 389
16.7 Connections Between Framing Members......Page 391
16.8 Steel Detailing and Fabrication......Page 396
16.9 Steel Erection......Page 399
16.10 Corrosion Protection of Steel......Page 402
16.11 Fire Protection of Steel......Page 403
Principles in Practice: Fundamentals of Skeleton Frame Construction......Page 409
17 LIGHT-GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION......Page 424
17.1 Light-Gauge Steel Framing Members......Page 426
17.2 Light-Gauge Steel Framing in Load-Bearing Applications......Page 427
17.3 Advantages and Limitations of Light-Gauge Steel Framing......Page 435
17.4 Non-Load-Bearing Light-Gauge Steel Framing......Page 436
18 LIME, PORTLAND CEMENT, AND CONCRETE......Page 440
18.1 Introduction to Lime......Page 441
18.2 Types of Lime Used in Construction......Page 443
18.3 Portland Cement......Page 445
18.4 Air-Entrained and White Portland Cements......Page 447
18.5 Basic Ingredients of Concrete......Page 448
18.6 Important Properties of Concrete......Page 452
18.7 Making Concrete......Page 455
18.8 Placing and Finishing Concrete......Page 456
18.9 Portland Cement and Water Reaction......Page 460
18.11 High-Strength Concrete......Page 462
18.12 Steel Reinforcement......Page 465
18.13 Welded Wire Reinforcement......Page 468
19 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION–I (FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, AND SLABS-ON-GROUND)......Page 472
19.2 Concrete Formwork and Shores......Page 475
19.3 Formwork Removal and Reshoring......Page 481
19.4 Architectural Concrete and Form Liners......Page 482
19.5 Principles of Reinforcing Concrete......Page 483
19.6 Splices, Couplers, and Hooks in Bars......Page 486
19.7 Corrosion Protection of Steel Reinforcement......Page 488
19.8 Reinforcement and Formwork for Columns......Page 490
19.9 Reinforcement and Formwork for Walls......Page 491
19.11 Ground-Supported Isolated Concrete Slab......Page 495
19.12 Ground-Supported Stiffened Concrete Slab......Page 499
20 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION–II (SITE-CAST AND PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMING SYSTEMS)......Page 506
20.2 Beam-Supported Concrete Floors......Page 507
20.3 Beamless Concrete Floors......Page 515
20.4 Posttensioned Elevated Concrete Floors......Page 518
20.5 Introduction to Precast Concrete......Page 520
20.6 Mixed Precast Concrete Construction......Page 521
20.7 Fire Resistance of Concrete Members......Page 525
21 SOILS; FOUNDATION AND BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION......Page 530
21.1 Classification of Soils......Page 531
21.2 Soil Sampling and Testing......Page 532
21.3 Earthwork and Excavation......Page 534
21.4 Supports for Deep Excavations......Page 538
21.5 Keeping Excavations Dry......Page 545
21.6 Foundation Systems......Page 546
21.7 Shallow Foundations......Page 547
21.8 Deep Foundations......Page 553
21.9 Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations......Page 555
21.10 Below-Grade Waterproofing......Page 558
Principles in Practice: Unified Soil Classification......Page 562
22 MASONRY MATERIALS–I (MORTAR AND BRICK)......Page 568
22.1 Masonry Mortar......Page 570
22.2 Mortar Materials and Specifications......Page 573
22.3 Mortar Joint Thickness and Profiles......Page 577
22.4 Manufacture of Bricks......Page 579
22.5 Dimensions of Masonry Units......Page 582
22.6 Types of Clay Bricks......Page 583
22.7 Bond Patterns in Masonry Walls......Page 586
22.9 The Craft and Art of Brick Masonry Construction......Page 589
22.11 Expansion Control in Brick Walls......Page 592
23 MASONRY MATERIALS–II (CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS, NATURAL STONE, AND GLASS MASONRY UNITS)......Page 596
23.1 Concrete Masonry Units—Sizes and Shapes......Page 597
23.2 Concrete Masonry Units—Manufacturing and Specifications......Page 603
23.3 Construction of a CMU Wall......Page 605
23.4 Shrinkage Control in CMU Walls......Page 606
23.5 Grout......Page 610
23.6 Calcium Silicate Masonry Units......Page 611
23.7 Natural Stone......Page 612
23.8 From Blocks to Finished Stone......Page 615
23.9 Stone Selection......Page 617
23.10 Bond Patterns in Stone Masonry Walls......Page 618
23.11 Glass Masonry Units......Page 619
23.12 Fire Resistance of Masonry Walls......Page 622
24 MASONRY AND CONCRETE BEARING WALL CONSTRUCTION......Page 626
24.1 Traditional Masonry Bearing Wall Construction......Page 628
24.2 Importance of Vertical Reinforcement in Masonry Walls......Page 631
24.3 Bond Beams in a Masonry Bearing Wall Building......Page 632
24.4 Wall Layout in a Bearing Wall Building......Page 633
24.5 Floor and Roof Decks—Connections to Walls......Page 637
24.6 Limitations of Masonry Bearing Wall Construction......Page 640
24.7 Bearing Wall and Column-Beam System......Page 643
24.8 Reinforced-Concrete Bearing Wall Construction......Page 644
24.9 Reinforced-Concrete Tilt-Up Wall Construction......Page 646
24.10 Connections in a Tilt-Up Wall Building......Page 650
24.11 Aesthetics of Tilt-Up Wall Buildings......Page 653
Principles in Practice: The Middle-Third Rule......Page 654
25 RAINWATER INFILTRATION CONTROL IN EXTERIOR WALLS......Page 658
25.1 Rainwater Infiltration Control—Basic Strategies......Page 659
25.2 Barrier Wall Versus Drainage Wall......Page 661
25.3 Rain-Screen Exterior Cladding......Page 664
26 EXTERIOR WALL CLADDING–I (MASONRY, PRECAST CONCRETE, GFRC, AND PREFABRICATED MASONRY)......Page 670
26.1 Masonry Veneer Assembly—General Considerations......Page 671
26.2 Brick Veneer with a CMU or Concrete Backup Wall......Page 681
26.3 Brick Veneer with a Steel Stud Backup Wall......Page 688
26.4 CMU Backup Versus Steel Stud Backup......Page 695
26.5 Aesthetics of Brick Veneer......Page 696
26.6 Precast Concrete (PC) Curtain Wall......Page 697
26.7 Connecting the PC Curtain Wall to a Structure......Page 700
26.8 Brick and Stone-Faced PC Curtain Wall......Page 702
26.9 Detailing a PC Curtain Wall......Page 705
26.10 Glass Fiber–Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Curtain Wall......Page 707
26.11 Fabrication of GFRC Panels......Page 710
26.12 Detailing a GFRC Curtain Wall......Page 712
26.13 Prefabricated Brick Curtain Wall......Page 714
27 EXTERIOR WALL CLADDING–II (STUCCO, EIFS, NATURAL STONE, AND INSULATED METAL PANELS)......Page 720
27.1 Portland Cement Plaster (Stucco) Basics......Page 721
27.2 Stucco on Steel- or Wood-Stud Walls......Page 722
27.3 Stucco on Masonry and Concrete Substrates......Page 727
27.4 Limitations and Advantages of Stucco......Page 728
27.5 Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) Basics......Page 729
27.6 Application of Polymer-Based EIFS......Page 730
27.7 Impact-Resistant and Drainable EIFS......Page 734
27.8 Exterior Cladding with Dimension Stone......Page 736
27.9 Field Installation of Stone—Standard-Set Method......Page 737
27.10 Field Installation of Stone—Vertical Support Channel Method......Page 741
27.11 Prefabricated Stone Curtain Walls......Page 744
27.12 Thin Stone Cladding......Page 746
27.13 Insulated Metal Panels......Page 748
28 TRANSPARENT MATERIALS (GLASS AND LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTICS)......Page 754
28.1 Manufacture of Flat Glass......Page 757
28.2 Types of Heat-Modified Glass......Page 759
28.3 Glass and Solar Radiation......Page 763
28.4 Types of Tinted and Reflective Glass......Page 764
28.5 Glass and Long-Wave Radiation......Page 766
28.6 Insulating Glass Unit......Page 767
28.7 R-Value (or U-Value) of Glass......Page 769
28.8 Glass and Glazing......Page 770
28.9 Safety Glass......Page 772
28.10 Laminated Glass......Page 773
28.12 Fire-Resistant Glass......Page 774
28.14 Glass for Special Purposes......Page 777
28.16 Anatomy of a Glazing Pocket......Page 779
Principles in Practice: Important Facts About Radiation......Page 783
Principles in Practice: Condensation-Resistance Factor......Page 784
29 WINDOWS AND DOORS......Page 788
29.1 Window Styles......Page 790
29.2 Window Materials......Page 791
29.3 Performance Ratings of Windows......Page 794
29.4 Window Installation and Surrounding Details......Page 796
29.5 Classification of Doors......Page 800
29.6 Door Frames......Page 807
29.7 Fire-Rated Doors and Windows......Page 810
Principles in Practice: A Note on Aluminum......Page 813
30 GLASS-ALUMINUM WALL SYSTEMS......Page 818
30.1 Glass-Aluminum Curtain Walls......Page 819
30.2 Anchorage of a Stick-Built Glass Curtain Wall to a Structure......Page 821
30.3 Stick-Built Glass Curtain Wall Details......Page 827
30.4 Structural Performance of a Glass Curtain Wall......Page 836
30.5 Other Performance Criteria of a Glass Curtain Wall......Page 837
30.7 Other Glass-Aluminum Wall Systems......Page 839
31 ROOFING–I (LOW-SLOPE ROOFS)......Page 844
31.1 Low-Slope and Steep Roofs Distinguished......Page 845
31.2 Low-Slope Roof Fundamentals......Page 846
31.3 Built-Up Roof Membrane......Page 847
31.4 Modified Bitumen Roof Membrane......Page 852
31.5 Single-Ply Roof Membrane......Page 856
31.6 Rigid-Board Insulation and Membrane Attachment......Page 859
31.7 Insulating Concrete and Membrane Attachment......Page 862
31.8 Low-Slope Roof Flashings......Page 864
31.9 Base Flashing Details......Page 865
31.10 Curb and Flange Flashing Details......Page 867
31.11 Protected Membrane Roof......Page 868
31.12 Low-Slope-Roof Design Considerations......Page 869
Principles in Practice: Shingling of Built-Up Roof Felts......Page 873
32 ROOFING–II (STEEP ROOFS)......Page 878
32.1 Steep-Roof Fundamentals......Page 879
32.2 Asphalt Shingles and Roof Underlayment......Page 881
32.3 Installation of Asphalt Shingles......Page 883
32.4 Valley Treatment in an Asphalt Shingle Roof......Page 886
32.5 Ridge and Hip Treatment in an Asphalt Shingle Roof......Page 889
32.6 Flashings in an Asphalt Shingle Roof......Page 890
32.7 Essentials of Clay and Concrete Roof Tiles......Page 893
32.8 Clay and Concrete Tile Roof Details......Page 896
32.9 Types of Architectural Metal Roofs......Page 899
32.10 Contemporary Architectural Metal Roofs......Page 900
33 STAIRS......Page 906
33.1 Stair Fundamentals......Page 908
33.2 Wood Stairs......Page 913
33.3 Steel Stairs......Page 915
33.4 Concrete Stairs......Page 925
34 FLOOR COVERINGS......Page 930
34.1 Subfloors......Page 931
34.2 Selection Criteria for Floor Coverings......Page 932
34.3 Ceramic and Stone Tile Flooring......Page 933
34.4 Stone Panel Flooring......Page 941
34.5 Terrazzo Flooring......Page 943
34.6 Carpet and Carpet Tile Flooring......Page 945
34.7 Wood Flooring......Page 948
34.8 Resilient Flooring......Page 951
34.9 Resinous Flooring......Page 953
34.11 Underlayments......Page 954
34.12 Resilient Accessories—Wall Base and Moldings......Page 955
Principles in Practice: Showers and Tile......Page 957
35 CEILINGS......Page 960
35.1 Selection Criteria for Ceiling Finish Materials......Page 961
35.3 Ceilings Attached to Building Structure......Page 963
35.4 Ceilings Suspended from Building Structure......Page 964
APPENDIX A: SI SYSTEM AND U.S. SYSTEM OF UNITS......Page 976
Rules of Grammar in the SI System......Page 977
Pressure and Stress......Page 978
Conversion from the U.S. System to the SI System......Page 979
APPENDIX B: PRELIMINARY SIZING OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS......Page 982
Conventional Wood Light Frame (WLF) Buildings......Page 983
Conventional Light-Gauge Steel Frame (LGSF) Buildings......Page 985
Structural Steel Frame Buildings......Page 986
Site-Cast Concrete Frame Buildings......Page 987
Load-Bearing Masonry and Concrete Buildings......Page 989
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C......Page 991
D......Page 992
F......Page 993
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I......Page 995
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D......Page 1006
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