Brickwork Level 3

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. The Construction Industry (Industrial)
	Introduction
	Types of building
		Industrial buildings
			Types of industrial building
		Storage
		Transport
	The construction industry
	New technology and methods used in construction
		Structural forms
			Solid structure
			Framed structures
		Design aspects
		Buildability
		Structural stability
		Durability
	Energy efficiency
		Construction process
		Setting out
		Excavations
		Foundations
			Foundation types
			Foundation design
				Design of simple strip foundations
					Example 1
					Example 2
			Atmospheric depth
			Other foundation types
				Narrow strip
				Wide strip foundations
				Pad foundations
				Raft foundations
			Short bored piled foundations
			Brick footings
			Stepped foundations
		Walls
		Floors
			Ground floors
			Solid ground floors
			Hollow ground floors
				Underfloor ventilation against dry rot
				Precast beam and pots
			Suspended upper floors
				Concrete suspended floors
			Floor finishes
				Screeds
				Floor boarding
			Floating floors
		Windows
			Double glazing
		Superstructure
			External envelope
				Performance
					Strength and stability
					Weather exclusion
					Thermal insulation
					Sound insulation
					Durability
					Fire resistance
					Appearance
					Access and egress
	Internal walls
		Block partitions
		Timber frame or stud partitions
		Brick and block partitions
		Demountable partitions
		Roofs
			Basic roof forms
				Performance
					Weather exclusion
					Structural strength and stability
					Drainage
					Durability
					Thermal insulation
					Sound insulation
					Fire resistance
					Appearance
					Ventilation of roof space
			Flat roofs
			Pitched roofs
			Roof coverings
	Sustainable methods and materials
		The Code for Sustainable Homes
	Energy performance certificate EPC
		Climate change
		The future
		Materials
			Source of materials
			Extraction
		Timber
		Insulation
			Types of insulation
		Functions of building materials
			Water
			Frost
			Chemicals
			Heat and fire
			Deterioration
		Building sites: future design considerations
			Pollution
			Ecology
			Protection of trees
			Building footprint
			Energy
				Internal energy efficiency
				Energy production
	Carbon footprint
		What then can house builders do to reduce CO2 emissions?
			Design
			Style
			Waste
		Material procurement
		How to Assess the Environmental Performance of a Building Supplier
		Why sustainability matters
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	The construction industry
2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry
	Safety legislation
		Prevention of hazards in the workplace
		Legislation
			Provision and use of work equipment regulations 1998 (PUWER)
			Main types of plant and equipment
				Mobile plant
				Static plant
				Mechanical tools and equipment
			Masonry saws
				Changing the abrasive wheel.
			The electricity at work regulations 1989
				Electricity
				Transformers
				Connectors
				Plug
				Electric fuses
				Electric shock
				Emergency resuscitation
	Workplace safety
		Accidents
			Cause of accidents
		Types of hazard
			Hazard spotting
				How to spot hazards
		Personal protective equipment
	Emergency procedures
		Responding to emergencies
		Accidents
			Immediate action
			First aid
			Accident reporting
		Fire and emergency procedures
			Exits and oxygen
			Fire-fighting equipment
		Risk assessments
	Health and hygiene
		Vulnerable parts of the body
		Other areas to consider
			Cold
			Heat
			Personal hygiene
			General
	Handling materials and components
		Lifting gear
	Working platforms
		Before work starts
		Types of scaffold
			Independent scaffold
			Dependent scaffold
			Unit or proprietary scaffolds
				Proprietary scaffold
				Unit scaffold
		Scaffold fittings
		Scaffold boards
			Overhang
			Guardrails
		Access
		Relevant barriers and notices
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Health and safety in the construction industry
3. Programming and Resources for Work
	Programme and resources
		The purposes of planning
	Advice on resources
		Time
		Cost
	External factors
	Planning the programme
		Purpose
		General rules of planning
		Planning and programming
		Method statements
		Calculation sheets
		Bar charts
		Sequencing the work
		Progress charts
		Critical path
			Basic arrow diagrams
			Basic techniques
				Example 1
				Procedure
			The forward pass
			The backward pass
			Float
	Alterations to the work programme
		Causes of change
			Design changes
			Architect's instructions
		Variations
		External conditions
		Lack of resources
		Financial problems
			Effects on contractual obligations
		Improved efficiency
		Project requirements and external factors
			Occupiers
			Near neighbours
			Public access
			Existing utilities
			Operational area conditions
			Operational area transport routes
			Application of codes of practice
			Health, safety and welfare
			Manufacturers' instructions
			Operating instructions
			Waste disposal requirements
		Suppliers
		Organizational procedures
		The building site diary
		Working drawings
			Location drawings
				Block plans
				Site plans
				Location plans
			Drawings
			Detail drawings
			Assembly drawings
			Projections
				Isometric projection
				Oblique projection
		Computer-aided design
	Estimating
		Bills of quantities
		Specifications
		Schedules
		Estimating quantities and price
		Plant and equipment
			Purchase or hire
				Example 1
				Plant hire
			The plant rate
				Running costs
				Initial cost
				Depreciation
					The straight-line method
				Estimated working life
				Hours worked per year
				Example 2: Worked hours
				Repairs and renewals
				Insurance and licences
				Fuel, oil and grease
					Example 3
				Tracks and tyres
				Inflation
			Plant scheduling
		Materials
			Cost of materials
			Quantities of materials
				Taking off quantities of materials from drawings
				Preparation and checking of material delivery schedules
			Material deliveries
			Material transfers
			Calculating material requirements
			Excavations
				Soil excavations
					Example 4
			Concrete foundations
				Example 5
				Ready-mix concrete
				Mixed on site
					Concrete statistics
					Example 6
			Bricks
				Example 7
		Mortar
		Building blocks
		Hardcore
	Labour
		Objectives
		Plant and labour balance
		Overmanning operations
		Calculating labour requirements
		Time sheets
		Daywork
			Recording of daywork
	Reduction of waste
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Programming and resources for work
4. Working Relationships and Methods
	Working relationships
		Team spirit
			Advantages of team spirit
			Disadvantages when team spirit is lacking
		Goodwill and trust
		Organizational structure
			Classification
				Informal organizations
				Formal organizations
				Line or direct relationships
				Lateral relationships
				Functional relationships
				Staff relationships
			Span of control
			Co-operation between crafts
	Informing people
		Employer contact
		Site manager
			Site diary
		Client or customer
		Colleagues
			Communicating with colleagues
			Time sheets
		Subcontractors
			Site meetings
				Organizing the meeting
				Agenda
				Tool box talks
		Suppliers
		Site visitors
		Communication methods
			Orally - face to face
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Body Language
			Written
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Letter writing
				Planning your letter
				Report writing
			Telephone
			Memos
		Accommodation
		Office
		Compounds
	Offering advice
	Dealing with alternative proposals
	Resolving conflicts
		Handling grievances
			Handling individual grievances
		Terms of employment
		Typical contract of employment
			Disciplinary rules
			National working rules
			Discipline
				Situations requiring discipline
				Limitations to discipline
			Decisions in discipline
	Development plans
	Progression routes through the construction industry
		Assessment gateway
		Jobs and careers
	Assessment of project data
		The preconstruction period
			Time
			Cost
		The on-site construction period
	Information sources for project data
		Checking information
		The client or the client's representative
		The architect
		The clerk of works
		Suppliers
	Communicating the method of work
		Types of site
			Closed sites
			Open sites
			Brownfield sites
			Others
			Layout
		Technical criteria
		Site visits
			Access and egress
			Temporary works
			Excavations and substructure work
			Plant
			Materials
			Types of storage
			Site accommodation
			Communications
		Safety
			Sign posting
			Site tidiness
			Disposal of materials from heights
			Hazardous and non-hazardous waste and debris
			Dust and fibre
			Asbestos
		Removal of waste
			How do i know what to do?
			Steps to be taken if the duty of care affects you
				Council waste collectors
				Registered waste carriers
				Holders of waste disposal or waste management licences
				In Scotland only, council waste disposers
				Exempt waste carriers
			Filling in the paperwork
				The transfer note
				The written description
				Keeping the information
		Weather conditions
			Wintry conditions
			Preparation
			Precautions
			Planning for continuity of work
		Environmental considerations
			Contaminated sites
			Derelict land
			Slum areas
			Pollution
				Types of pollution
				Site pollution
				Landfill
				The solution
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Working relationships
5. Setting Out
	Types of instructions
		Drawings
			Application of scales
			Identifying and taking off dimensions
				Taking off
			Site location
			Examples of setting-out drawings
			Working drawings
		Specifications
			Bills of quantities
		Schedules
			Manufacturer's information
	Selection of resources
		Setting-out equipment
			Tapes
			Spirit levels
			Straight edge
			Ranging lines
			Hammers
			Right angles
				Builder's square
				3:4:5 method
		Maintenance of setting-out equipment
			Tapes
			Builder's squares, ETC
			Automatic level
			Checking spirit levels
				Checking for level
		Site clearance
		Services
		Setting-out calculations
			3:4:5 Right angle
				Example 1
				Example 2
				Example 3
	Minimizing the risk of damage
		Accident reporting
		Site security
			Visual security
			Individual security
		Safety on site and in the workshop
			Stacking and storing reusable materials and components
			Hazards
				Remedial actions
			Disposal of waste
			Removal of waste
			Protection of the surrounding area
	Setting out
		Degree of accuracy
		Procedure for setting out
			Stage 1
			Stage 2
			Stage 3
			Stage 4
			Stage 5
		Profiles
			Single profile type
		Transferring levels
			Straight edge and spirit level
			Boning rods
			Water level
			Cowley level
			The optical site square
			Telescopic levels
				Component parts of levels The telescope
					The diaphragm
					Stadia lines
					Collimation line
					Bubble tubes
					Fish-eye/circular/pond bubble
				Classification of levels
				Types of level
					Dumpy level
					Tilting or quickset level
				Automatic level
				Laser level
			Other levelling equipment
				Tripod
				The British Standard metric staff
			Datum
			Ordnance bench marks
			Reading levels
				Rise and fall method
				Height of collimation method
	Completing the work on time
		Setting out brickwork and blockwork
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Setting out
6. Chimneys, Flues and Fireplaces
	Building information
		Information from drawings
		Information from specifications
		Manufacturers' information
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
	Construction of chimneys, flues and fireplaces
	Types of chimney breasts and flues
		Single fireplaces
		Double or back-to-back fireplaces
		Interlacing fireplaces
		Angled fireplaces
		Upper floor fireplaces
		Grouping of fireplaces and chimneys
	Regulations controlling the construction of chimney breasts and stacks
	Construction of a chimney through the ground floor, first floor and roof
		Fender wall
		Constructional hearth
		Opening for fireplace
		Flue liners
		Chimney stacks
			Weathering of chimney stacks passing through sloping roofs
	Fireplaces
		Fixing fireplaces
			Stage 1
			Stage 2
			Stage 3
			Stage 4
			Stage 5
			Stage 6
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Chimneys, flues and fireplaces
7. Arches
	Building information
		Information from drawings
		Information from specifications
		Manufacturers' information
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
	Brick arches
		Terminology
	Arch types
		Rough ringed arch
		Axed arches
		Gauged arches
		Purpose-made arches
		Semi-circular axed arches
	Geometry of arches
		Geometry of semi-circular axed arches
		Cutting the voussoirs
		Constructing a semi-circular arch
		Segmental arches
			Geometry of axed segmental arches
			Cutting skewbacks
			Constructing an axed segmental arch
	Types of support
		Turning piece
		Arch centres
		Modern methods
	Bull's eye
	Flat camber arch
		Template
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Arches
8. Curved Walls on Plan
	Building information
		Information from drawings
		Information from specifications
		Manufacturers' information
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
	Geometry of curved walls
		Setting out curved work when the centre is accessible
			Tape measure method
			Trammel method
			Template method
		Setting out a curve when the centre is inaccessible
			Example 1
		Setting out an ellipse
			Trammel method
			String method
	Building curved work on plan
		Full templates
		Small template and plumbing points around the curve
		Trammels
	Bonding
		Header bond
		Serpentine walling
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Curved walls on plan
9. Ramped Brickwork
	Building information
		Information from drawings
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
	Setting out ramped brickwork
		Curved ramps
		Sloping ramps
		Obtuse angles on elevation
	Curved work on elevation
		Concave curves
		Convex curves
	Ramped work on elevation
		Obtuse angles on elevation
		Tumbling in
	Boundary walls
	Buttresses
	Battering walls
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Ramped brickwork
10. Splayed Brickwork
	Building information
		Information from drawings
		Information from specifications
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
	Setting out splayed brickwork
		Geometry
			Right angles
				Builder's square
				The 3:4:5 method
				Using a tape
	Bonding splayed brickwork
		Acute angles
		Obtuse angles or squint corners
	Building splayed brickwork
		Building acute quoins
		Building obtuse quoins
		Building bay windows with dogleg bricks
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Splayed brickwork
11. Decorative and Reinforced Brickwork
	Decorative brickwork information
		Information from drawings
		Information from specifications
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
		Special bricks
			Availability of special shaped bricks
		Stop bricks
		Bonding with obtuse angle specials
			Squint bricks (AN.1)
			External angle (AN.2) and internal angle (AN.3) specials
		Arch bricks
		Brick-on-edge quoin blocks, angles and stopped ends
		'Handing' of special shaped bricks
		Radial specials
	Decorative features
		String courses
		Dog toothing
		Oversailing courses
		Brick corbels
		Dentil course
	Decorative panels
		Flush panels
		Projecting panels
		Recessed panels
		Types of decorative panel
			Stack bond
			Basket weave
			Herringbone
		Inserting the panel
		Setting out herringbone panels
	Plinths
		Planning the bonding
	Contrasting bricks
		Decorative brick quoin
		Brick on edge
	Reinforced brickwork information
		Information from drawings
		Information from specifications
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
		Bricks
	Reinforcement
	Reinforced walling
	Bonding
		Quetta bond
		Rat trap bond
	Bed joint reinforced brickwork
		Welded mesh
		Hoop iron
	Vertical reinforcement
		Hollow piers
		Fixing for gates
			Fixing as the work proceeds
	Brick retaining walls
		Retaining wall construction
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Decorative brickwork
12. Repairing and Maintaining Masonry
	Building information
		Regulations
	Safe work practices
	Selection of resources
	Definitions
	Defects
		Poor material choice
		Poor design
			Cracks in the structure
		Poor workmanship
		External forces
	Types of repairs and maintenance
		Shoring up a building before work is carried out
			Bracing
			Propping
			Shoring
				Dead shores
				Raking shores
				Flying shores
		Underpinning
			Carrying out the work
		Replacing or inserting a damp-proof course
		Forming an opening and fitting a lintel
		Fitting replacement doors and windows
		Maintaining and extending masonry walls
			Block bonding
			Toothings
			Indents
			Proprietary wall connectors
		Chopping out and replacing defective bricks
		Repointing
			Other defects in brickwork
				Sulphate attack
				Frost attack
				Corrosion of iron and steel
				Crystallization of salts
				Lime staining
				Efflorescence
			Cleaning down masonry
				Washing down
					Washing down with a cleaning fluid
				Power jet washing
				Brushing/washing down
	Multiple-choice questions
		Self-assessment
			Example
	Repairing and maintaining brickwork
13. Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
	Chapter 1 The Construction Industry (Industrial)
	Chapter 2 Health and Safety in the Construction Industry
	Chapter 3 Programming and Resources for Work
	Chapter 4 Working Relationships and Methods
	Chapter 5 Setting Out
	Chapter 6 Chimneys, Flues and Fireplaces
	Chapter 7 Arches
	Chapter 8 Curved Walls on Plan
	Chapter 9 Ramped Brickwork
	Chapter 10 Splayed Brickwork
	Chapter 11 Decorative and Reinforced Brickwork
	Chapter 12 Repairing and Maintaining Masonry
Index