Biomass Energy for Sustainable Development

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Biomass Energy: An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass
	1.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass Components
		1.3.1 Cellulose
	1.4 Hemicellulose
	1.5 Lignin
	1.6 Conversion Technologies for Biomass into Bioenergy
	1.7 Thermochemical Conversion
	1.8 Combustion
	1.9 Pyrolysis
	1.10 Gasification
	1.11 Biochemical Conversions
	1.12 Anaerobic Digestion
	1.13 Fermentation
	1.14 Physicochemical Conversion Process
	1.15 Energy from Biomass
	1.16 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Physical Approach to Biomass Conversion
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Raw Materials for Briquetting
	2.3 Factors Required for Briquetting
		2.3.1 Moisture Content
		2.3.2 Ash Content
		2.3.3 Flow Characteristics
	2.4 Pre-treatment/Pre-processing
		2.4.1 Cleaning
		2.4.2 Drying
		2.4.3 Size Reduction
		2.4.4 Binder Addition
	2.5 Binding Mechanisms
	2.6 Compaction of Biomass Residues
	2.7 Technologies of Densification/Briquetting
		2.7.1 Screw Compaction/Extruder Machine
		2.7.2 Piston Press or Pump-Type Machine
		2.7.3 Roller Press/Mill Machine
		2.7.4 Pellet Mill Machine
	2.8 Advantages in Briquetting of Biomass
	2.9 Disadvantages Associated with Briquetting
	2.10 Applications of Briquettes
	2.11 Challenges and Prospects
	2.12 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Thermochemical Conversion: An Approach for the Production of Energy Materials from Biomass
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Thermochemical Conversion
		3.2.1 Dry Thermochemical Conversion
		3.2.2 Wet Thermochemical Conversion
	3.3 Biomass-based Carbon in Energy Applications
		3.3.1 Fuel
		3.3.2 Electrode Material
		3.3.3 Graphene-based Compounds
		3.3.4 Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Biochemical Approach to Biomass Conversion: Biofuel Production
	4.1 Background
	4.2 Classification of Biofuels
		4.2.1 Primary Biofuels
		4.2.2 Secondary Biofuels
	4.3 Classification of Biomass
		4.3.1 Wood and Woody Biomass
		4.3.2 Herbaceous Biomass
		4.3.3 Aquatic Biomass
		4.3.4 Human and Animal Waste Biomass
		4.3.5 Biomass Mixtures
	4.4 Pretreatment of Biomass
		4.4.1 Physical Pretreatment
		4.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment
		4.4.3 Biological Pretreatment
	4.5 Biomass to Biofuel Conversion Approaches
		4.5.1 Physicochemical Approach
		4.5.2 Thermochemical Approach
		4.5.3 Biochemical Approaches
	4.6 Conclusion and Key Challenges
	References
Chapter 5 Microbial Approach for Biofuel Production by Biomass Conversion
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Bacteria
	5.3 Fungi
	5.4 Algae
	5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6 Anaerobic Digestion: A Sustainable Biochemical Approach to Convert Biomass to Bioenergy
	Abbreviations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Steps and Biochemical Reactions Involved in AD
		6.2.1 Hydrolysis
		6.2.2 Acidogenesis
		6.2.3 Acetogenesis
		6.2.4 Methanogenesis
	6.3 Types of Anaerobic Digestion
		6.3.1 Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion (MAD)
		6.3.2 Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion
	6.4 Factors Affecting AD
		6.4.1 Temperature
		6.4.2 C/N Ratio
		6.4.3 Organic Loading Rate
		6.4.4 Inhibitory Substances
		6.4.5 pH
		6.4.6 Hydraulic Retention Time
		6.4.7 Mixing
		6.4.8 Trace Elements
		6.4.9 Microbial Population
	6.5 Recent Advances
	6.6 Future Prospects
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 7 Applications of Biomass-Derived Materials for Energy Production
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Various Biomass Resources
	7.3 Methods for Production of Biochar, Bio-Oil, and Syngas
		7.3.1 Pyrolysis
		7.3.2 Torrefaction
		7.3.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
		7.3.4 Molten Salt Carbonization (MSC)
	7.4 Applications of Biomass-Derived Materials
		7.4.1 Biochar
		7.4.2 Bio-oils
		7.4.3 Biosyngas
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Recent Advances and Challenges in Biomass Research
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Advances in Biomass Energy Research
		8.2.1 Growth in the Production of Energy Using First- and Second-Generation Feedstocks
		8.2.2 Evolution in Feedstocks
		8.2.3 Harnessing Dairy Sector in Biomass Energy Production
		8.2.4 Improvements in the Use of Microbes in the Generation of Biomass Energy
		8.2.5 Developments in Bio-energy Crops
		8.2.6 Advances in Biomass Processing Techniques
		8.2.7 Other Approaches for Enhanced Biofuel Production
		8.2.8 Policies and Certifications
	8.3 Challenges in Bio-Energy Production
		8.3.1 Processing of Raw Materials
		8.3.2 Lack of Drive among Landowners and Farmers
		8.3.3 Biodiversity at Risk
		8.3.4 Features of Biomass
		8.3.5 Supply Concerns of Bio-Energy
		8.3.6 Technological Hazards and Obstacles
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Omics Technology Approaches for the Generation of Biofuels
	9.1 Introduction to Biofuels and Bioenergy
	9.2 What is Biomass Conversion?
	9.3 The Process of Converting Biomass into Biofuels
	9.4 The Benefits of Biomass Conversion
	9.5 Classification of Biofuels
	9.6 Advantages of Biofuels When Compared to Traditional Fossil Fuel
	9.7 Bioenergy
	9.8 Bioenergy’s Potential
	9.9 India’s Biofuel Research Status
	9.10 Global Research on Biofuels
	9.11 Omics Technologies
		9.11.1 Omics Technology in Biofuels
		9.11.2 Omics Technology in Algae-Based Biofuels
	9.12 Bacteria Associated with the Production of Biofuels
	9.13 Artificial Biology Methods
	9.14 Additional Molecular Methods for Biofuels Research
	9.15 CRISPR-Cas Technology for the Production of Biofuel
	9.16 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Multidisciplinary Approaches for Biomass Energy Production
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biomass Conversion
		10.2.1 Physical Approaches to Biomass Conversion
		10.2.2 Chemical Approaches to Biomass Conversion
		10.2.3 Biochemical Conversion
		10.2.4 Newer Approaches to Biomass Conversion
	10.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Enhanced Bioenergy Recovery
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Pretreatment Methods
	11.3 Physical Pretreatment Methods
	11.4 Mechanical Methods: Milling, Chipping, Shredding, and Mechanical Extrusion
	11.5 Pyrolysis
	11.6 Irradiation
	11.7 Chemical Pretreatment Methods
		11.7.1 Acid Pretreatment
	11.8 Alkali Pretreatment
	11.9 Ozonolysis
	11.10 Oxidative Pretreatment
	11.11 Organosolv Pretreatment
	11.12 Ionic Liquids (ILs)
	11.13 Physicochemical Pretreatment Methods
	11.14 Steam Explosion (SE)
	11.15 Acid-Catalyzed Steam Explosion (ACSE)
	11.16 Alkali-Catalyzed Steam Explosion
	11.17 Ammonia Fiber Explosion
	11.18 Liquid Hot-Water (LHW) Pretreatment
	11.19 Wet Oxidation
	11.20 Carbon Dioxide Explosion
	11.21 SPORL Pretreatment
	11.22 Biological Pretreatment Methods
	11.23 Combined Pretreatment Methods
	11.24 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 12 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor: A Promising Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Bioenergy Generation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Mechanism of Biofilm Formation
	12.3 Carrier Elements
		12.3.1 Carrier Elements Design
		12.3.2 Criteria for Proper Use of Carrier Elements in MBBR
		12.3.3 Novel Carrier Elements
	12.4 Process Parameters of MBBR
		12.4.1 BOD/COD Removal
		12.4.2 Nitrification or Ammonia Removal
		12.4.3 Denitrification
		12.4.4 Phosphorous Removal
	12.5 MBBR Design Procedure
		12.5.1 Determination of the Treatment Capacity
		12.5.2 The Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
		12.5.3 Tank Volume
		12.5.4 Aspect Ratio
		12.5.5 Tank Dimensions
		12.5.6 Flow Rate
		12.5.7 Hydraulic Retention Time
		12.5.8 Aeration Rate
		12.5.9 Carrier Element Fill Ratio
	12.6 Biofuel Generation from the MBBR System
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Process Design of Various Biomass Gasification Processes Using Aspen Plus and Its Effects on Syngas and Hydrogen Production
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Biomass Gasification in Aspen Plus
		13.2.1 Biomass Description and Process Flow Sheeting
		13.2.2 Biomass Gasification Models
	13.3 Parameters for Biomass Gasification
		13.3.1 Effect of Temperature
		13.3.2 Effect of Gasification Agent
		13.3.3 Effect of Steam to Biomass Ratio
		13.3.4 Effect of Biomass Particle Size
		13.3.5 Effect of Bed Material/Additive/Catalyst
	13.4 Hydrogen Production from Syngas
	13.5 Gasification and Future of Hydrogen in the Indian Scenario
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Implementing Targeted Total Soluble Product Recovery during Food Waste Biomethanation for Enhanced Recovery of Energy and Value-Added Products
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Biomethanation Treatment
	14.3 Intermediate Products
		14.3.1 Alcohols
		14.3.2 Lactate
		14.3.3 Volatile Fatty Acid: An Overview
	14.4 VFA Recovery Methods
		14.4.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction
		14.4.2 Membrane-Based Separation
		14.4.3 Electrodialysis
		14.4.4 Adsorption
	14.5 Ion Exchange Resin
		14.5.1 Structure of Resin
		14.5.2 Types of Resin
	14.6 Ion Exchange Resin for VFA Adsorption
	14.7 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics
	14.8 Desorption and Purification Techniques
	14.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Torrefaction of Agriculture Residues and Municipal Solid Waste for Char Production
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Experiments
		15.2.1 Samples and Materials
		15.2.2 Procedure
	15.3 Methodology
		15.3.1 Determination of Gross Calorific Value
		15.3.2 Determination of Ash
		15.3.3 Determination of Moisture
		15.3.4 Determination of Volatile Matter
	15.4 Result and Discussion
	15.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16 The Circular Bioeconomy Concept
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Definitions and Concepts
		16.2.1 Contribution of the Bioeconomy to the Circular Economy (and Vice Versa)
		16.2.2 Data and Examples of Bioeconomy, Circular Economy, and Circular Bioeconomy
	16.3 Circular Bioeconomy Based on the Valorization of Renewable Biomass Feedstocks
		16.3.1 Biorefineries and Biomass Conversion Processes
	16.4 Diversity of Bioeconomies around the World with a Focus on the State of the Art
	16.5 Barriers and Challenges to the Circular Bioeconomy
	16.6 Current Opportunities
	16.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17 A Circular Economy Approach to Valorisation of Lignocellulosic Biomass-Biochar and Bioethanol Production
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		17.2.1 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
		17.2.2 Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
		17.2.3 Fermentation Technology for Bioethanol Production
		17.2.4 Difficulties in the Process of Production of Bioethanol from LCB
	17.3 Biochar Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
	17.4 Application of Biochar Produced from Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Process of Bioethanol Production: Circular Economy Approaches
		17.4.1 Application of Biochar in the Removal of Fermentation Inhibitors
		17.4.2 Application of Biochar in the Immobilization of Microbes Helpful for Fermentation
		17.4.3 Application of Biochar for a Self-Sufficient System for Bioethanol Production
	17.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 18 Global Research Trends in Biomass as Renewable Energy
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Availability and Biomass Utilization
	18.3 Biomass as an Energy Source
	18.4 Application of Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source
		18.4.1 Biomass as Sustainable Combustion Fuel
		18.4.2 Biomass Utilization as Liquid Fuel
		18.4.3 Biomass as Gaseous Fuel
	18.5 Emerging Technologies for Biofuel Production
		18.5.1 Transesterification
		18.5.2 Pyrolysis
		18.5.3 Gasification
		18.5.4 Fermentation
		18.5.5 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
		18.5.6 Algal Biofuel Production
		18.5.7 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
		18.5.8 Advanced Biochemical Processes
		18.5.9 Cellulosic Ethanol
		18.5.10 Waste-to-Biofuels
		18.5.11 Algae-Based Biofuels
		18.5.12 Catalytic Conversion
		18.5.13 Electrocatalysis
		18.5.14 Integrated Biorefineries
	18.6 Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Biomass Utilization
	18.7 Future Research Directions and Emerging Technologies
	18.8 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19 Biomass Energy for Sustainable Development: Opportunities and Challenges
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Current Scenario and Availability of Biomass
	19.2 Energy Issues
		19.2.1 Energy from Biomass
		19.2.2 Biomass Wastes as Energy Sources
	19.3 Biomass Waste Energy Conversion Technologies
		19.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion
		19.3.2 Biological Conversion
		19.3.3 Mechanical Extraction
	19.4 Bioenergy’s Contribution to Sustainable Development Sustainability
	19.5 Biomass Energy Systems and Linkages to Sustainable Human Development
		19.5.1 Socio-Economic Implications of Biomass Usage
	19.6 Opportunities, Challenges, and Prospects of Biomass Energy
		19.6.1 Challenges Related to Biomass
	19.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20 Global Status of Biomass Energy Programmes–Challenges and Roadmap
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Energy Issues
	20.3 Biomass: As a Source of Energy
	20.4 Conversion of Biomass into Energy
	20.5 Thermochemical Technologies
	20.6 Challenges Related to Biomass
	20.7 Operational Challenges
	20.8 Economic Difficulties
	20.9 Social Problems
	20.10 Challenges in Regulation and Policy
	20.11 The Issues with Renewable Energy
	20.12 Prospects for Long-Term Land-Intensive Bioenergy
	20.13 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Index