Biology: Exploring the Diversity of Life

Title
Copyright
Contents
About the Canadian Authors
About the U.S. Authors
Preface
New to This Edition
Welcome to Biology: Exploring the Diversityof Life, 4Ce
Active Learning
Student and Instructor Resources
Acknowledgements
VOLUME 1: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL
	1 Light and Life
		1.1 The Physical Nature of Light
		1.2 Light as a Source of Energy
		1.3 Light as a Source of Information
		1.4 The Uniqueness of Light
		1.5 Light Can Damage Biological Molecules
		Figure 1.19 Research Method Using Spectrophotometry to Determine an Absorption Spectrum
		1.6 Using Light to Tell Time
		1.7 The Role of Light in Behaviour and Ecology
		1.8 Organisms Making Their Own Light: Bioluminescence
	UNIT ONE SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES: THE CELL
		2 The Cell: An Overview
			2.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
			2.2 Prokaryotic Cells
			2.3 Eukaryotic Cells
			Figure 2.8 Research Method Cell Fractionation
			2.4 Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
			2.5 The Animal Cell Surface
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 2
		3 Energy and Enzymes
			3.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
			3.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Processes
			3.3 Thermodynamics and Life
			3.4 Overview of Metabolism
			3.5 The Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
			3.6 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 3
		4 Cell Membranes and Signalling
			4.1 An Overview of the Structure of Membranes
			Figure 4.2 Experimental Research The Frye–Edidin Experiment Demonstrating That the Phospholipid Bilayer Is Fluid
			Figure 4.3 Research Method Freeze Fracture
			4.2 The Lipid Fabric of a Membrane
			4.3 Membrane Proteins
			4.4 Passive Membrane Transport
			4.5 Active Membrane Transport
			4.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
			4.7 Role of Membranes In Cell Signalling
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 4
		5 Cellular Respiration
			5.1 The Chemical Basis of Cellular Respiration
			5.2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
			5.3 Glycolysis: The Splitting of Glucose
			5.4 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
			5.5 Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
			5.6 The Efficiency and Regulation of Cellular Respiration
			5.7 Oxygen and Cellular Respiration
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 5
		6 Photosynthesis
			6.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview
			6.2 The Photosynthetic Apparatus
			6.3 The Light Reactions
			6.4 The Calvin Cycle
			6.5 Photorespiration and CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms
			6.6 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 6
	UNIT TWO GENES
		7 Cell Cycles
			7.1 The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview
			7.2 The Cell Cycle in Prokaryotic Organisms
			7.3 Mitosis and the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
			7.4 Formation and Action of the Mitotic Spindle
			7.5 Cell Cycle Regulation
			Figure 7.19 Experimental Research Movement of Chromosomes during Anaphase of Mitosis
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 7
		8 Genetic Recombination
			8.1 Mechanism of Genetic Recombination
			8.2 Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
			Figure 8.2 Research Method Replica Plating
			Figure 8.3 Experimental Research Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
			8.3 Genetic Recombination Occurs in Eukaryotes during Meiosis
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 8
		9 The Chromosomal Basis of MendelianInheritance
			9.1 The Beginnings of Genetics: Mendel's Garden Peas
			Figure 9.2 Research Method Making a Genetic Cross between Two Pea Plants
			Figure 9.4 Experimental Research The Principle of Segregation: Inheritance of Flower Colour in Garden Peas
			Figure 9.7 Experimental Research Testing the Predicted Outcomes of Genetic Crosses
			Figure 9.8 Experimental Research The Principle of Independent Assortment
			9.2 Later Modifications and Additions to Mendel's Hypotheses
			Figure 9.12 Experimental Research Experiment Showing Incomplete Dominance of a Trait
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 9
		10 Genetic Linkage, Sex Linkage, and Other Non-Mendelian Inheritance Mechanisms
			10.1 Genetic Linkage and Recombination
			Figure 10.2 Experimental Research Evidence for Gene Linkage
			10.2 Sex-Linked Genes
			Figure 10.8 Experimental Research Evidence for Sex-Linked Genes
			10.3 Chromosomal Mutations That Affect Inheritance
			10.4 Human Genetic Traits, Pedigree Analysis, and Genetic Counselling
			10.5 Additional Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 10
	UNIT THREE DNA AND GENE EXPRESSION
		11 DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair
			11.1 Establishing DNA as the Hereditary Molecule
			Figure 11.1 Experimental Research Griffith's Experiment with Virulent and Nonvirulent Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae
			Figure 11.2 Experimental Research The Hershey and Chase Experiment Demonstrating That DNA Is the Hereditary Molecule
			11.2 DNA Structure
			11.3 DNA Replication
			Figure 11.9 Experimental Research The Meselson and Stahl Experiment Demonstrating the Semiconservative Model for DNA Replication to Be Correct
			11.4 Repair of Damage in DNA
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 11
		12 Gene Structure, Expression, and Mutation
			12.1 The Connection between DNA, RNA, and Protein
			Figure 12.2 Experimental Research The Gene–Enzyme Relationship
			12.2 Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis
			12.3 Processing of mRNAs in Eukaryotes
			12.4 Translation: mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis
			12.5 Mutations Can Affect Protein Structure and Function
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 12
		13 Regulation of Gene Expression
			13.1 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotic Cells
			13.2 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
			13.3 Posttranscriptional, Translational, and Posttranslational Regulation
			13.4 The Loss of Regulatory Controls in Cancer
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 13
		14 DNA Technologies
			14.1 DNA Cloning
				Figure 14.3 Research Method Identifying a Recombinant Plasmid Containing a Gene of Interest
				Figure 14.4 Research Method Synthesis of DNA from mRNA Using Reverse Transcriptase
				Figure 14.5 Research Method The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
				Figure 14.6 Research Method Separation of DNA Fragments by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
			14.2 Applications of DNA Technologies
				Figure 14.8 Research Method Southern Blot Analysis
				Figure 14.11 Research Method Making a Knockout Mouse
				Research in Biology CRISPR: A Programmable RNA-Guided Genome Editing System
				Figure 14.13 Experimental Research The First Cloning of a Mammal
				Figure 14.15 Research Method Using the Ti Plasmid of Rhizobium radiobacter to Produce Transgenic Plants
				SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 14
		15 Genomes
			15.1 Genomics: An Overview
			15.2 Genome Sequencing
			Figure 15.1 Research Method Sanger Sequencing
			Figure 15.2 Research Method Pyrosequencing
			15.3 Annotation Identifies Genes
			Figure 15.8 Research Method DNA Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Levels
			15.4 Comparative Genomics Can Reveal How Genes and Genomes Evolved
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 15
VOLUME 2: EVOLUTION, ECOLOGY, AND THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
	UNIT FOUR EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION
		16 Evolution: The Development of the Theory
			16.1 The Recognition of Change
			16.2 Natural Selection
			16.3 Evolutionary Biology since Darwin
			16.4 Evolution Is the Core Theory of Modern Biology but Is Plagued by Misconceptions
			Figure 16.16 Experimental Research Adaptation of E. coli to a Change in Temperature
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 16
		17 Microevolution: Changes within Populations
			17.1 Variation in Natural Populations
			17.2 Population Genetics
			17.3 The Agents of Microevolution
			Figure 17.7 Research Method Using the Hardy–Weinberg Principle
			Figure 17.12 Experimental Research Do Humans Experience Stabilizing Selection?
			17.4 Non-random Mating
			17.5 Maintaining Genetic and Phenotypic Variation
			Figure 17.16 Experimental Research Sexual Selection in Action
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 17
		18 Speciation and Macroevolution
			18.1 What Is a Species?
			18.2 Maintaining Reproductive Isolation
			18.3 The Geography of Speciation
			18.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation
			Figure 18.16 Observational Research Chromosomal Similarities and Differences among Humans and the Great Apes
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 18
		19 Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life
			19.1 Nomenclature and Classification
			19.2 Phylogenetic Trees
			19.3 Sources of Data for Phylogenetic Analyses
			19.4 Traditional Classification and Paraphyletic Groups
			19.5 The Cladistic Revolution
			Figure 19.11 Research Method Using Cladistics to Construct a Phylogenetic Tree
			Figure 19.13 Research Method Using Genetic Distances to Construct a Phylogenetic Tree
			19.6 Phylogenetic Trees as Research Tools
			19.7 Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 19
		20 Humans and Evolution
			Research in Biology The Cast of Characters: Fossil Hominins
			20.1 The Fossil Record of Hominins
			20.2 Morphology and Bipedalism
			20.3 Human Features That Do Not Fossilize
			20.4 Dispersal of Early Humans
			20.5 Hominins and the Species Concepts
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 20
	UNIT FIVE THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
		21 Defining Life and Its Origins
			21.1 What Is Life?
			21.2 The Chemical Origins of Life
			21.3 From Macromolecules to Life
			21.4 Evidence of the Earliest Life
			21.5 Eukaryotes and the Rise of Multicellularity
			21.6 The Fossil Record
			21. 7 The Tree of Life
			Figure 21.23 Research Method Radiometric Dating
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 21
		22 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious BiologicalParticles
			22.1 What Is a Virus? Characteristics of Viruses
			22.2 Viruses Infect Bacterial, Animal, and Plant Cells by Similar Pathways
			22.3 Treating and Preventing Viral Infections
			Figure 22.7 Experimental Research A New Discovery for Hepatitis CTherapy
			22.4 Viruses May Have Evolved from Fragments of Cellular DNA or RNA
			22.5 Viroids and Prions Are Infective Agents Even Simpler in Structure than Viruses
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 22
		23 Bacteria and Archaea
			23.1 The Full Extent of the Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea Is Unknown
			23.2 Prokaryotic Structure and Function
			Figure 23.5 Experimental Research Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
			23.3 The Domain Bacteria
			23.4 The Domain Archaea
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 23
		24 Protists
			24.1 The Vast Majority of Eukaryotes Are Protists
			24.2 Characteristics of Protists
			24.3 Protists' Diversity Is Reflected in Their Metabolism, Reproduction, Structure, and Habitat
			24.4 The Eukaryotic Supergroups and Their Key Protist Lineages
			Figure 24.8 Observational Research Isolation and Identification of Marine Diplonemids, Potentially the Most Abundant Marine Organism
			24.5 Some Protist Lineages Arose from Primary Endosymbiosis and Others from Secondary Endosymbiosis
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 24
		25 Fungi
			25.1 General Characteristics of Fungi
			25.2 Evolution and Diversity of Fungi
			25.3 Fungal Lifestyles
			Figure 25.20 Experimental Research Hidden Third Partner in Lichen Symbiosis
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 25
		26 Plants
			26.1 Defining Characteristics of Land Plants
			26.2 The Transition to Life on Land
			26.3 Bryophytes: Nonvascular Land Plants
			26.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
			26.5 Gymnosperms: The First Seed Plants
			26.6 Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
			Figure 26.30 Experimental Research Exploring a Possible EarlyAngiosperm Adaptation for Efficient Photosynthesis in Dim Environments
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 26
		27 Animals
			27.1 What Is an Animal?
			27.2 Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
			27.3 Molecular Phylogenetics and Classification
			27.4 The Basal Phyla
			27.5 The Protostomes
			27.6 Lophotrochozoa Protostomes
			27.7 Ecdysozoa Protostomes
			27.8 The Deuterostomes
			Research in Biology The Tully Monster
			27.9 The Origin and Diversification of Vertebrates
			27.10 Agnathans: The Jawless Fishes
			27.11 Jawed Fishes: Jaws Meant New Feeding Opportunities
			27.12 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
			27.13 The Origin and Mesozoic Radiations of Amniotes
			27.14 Turtles and Tortoises (Subclass Testudinata)
			27.15 Living Diapsids: Sphenodontids, Squamates, and Crocodylians
			27.16 Birds
			27.17 Mammalia: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 27
		28 Conservation of Biodiversity
			28.1 The Anthropocene
			28.2 Vulnerability to Extinction
			28.3 Climate Change Can Cause Extinction
			28.4 Protecting Species
			28.5 Protecting What?
			28.6 Conservation and Agriculture
			28.7 Contaminating Natural Systems
			28.8 Motivation
			28.9 Effecting Conservation
			Figure 28.33 Observational Research Near-Complete Extinction of Small Mammals in Tropical Forest Fragments
			28.10 Human Population: A Root Problem for Conservation
			28.11 Signs of Stress: Systems and Species
			28.12 Taking Action
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 28
	UNIT SIX ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR
		29 Population Ecology
			29.1 Introduction
			29.2 Population Characteristics
			29.3 Demography
			29.4 Evolution of Life Histories
			29.5 Models of Population Growth
			29.6 Population Regulation
			Figure 29.17 Experimental Research Evaluating Density-Dependent Interactions between Species
			29.7 Human Administered Population Control
			29.8 Human Population Growth
			29.9 The Future: Where Are We Going?
			29.10 The Pill
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 29
		30 Species Interactions and Community Ecology
			30.1 Introduction
			30.2 Symbiosis: Close Associations
			30.3 Energy Intake
			30.4 Defence
			30.5 Competition
			Figure 30.15 Experimental Research Demonstration of Competition between Two Species of Barnacles
			Figure 30.16 Experimental Research Gause's Experiments on Interspecific Competition in Paramecium
			Figure 30.19 Experimental Research The Complex Effects of a Herbivorous Snail on Algal Species Richness
			30.6 The Nature of Ecological Communities
			30.7 Community Characteristics
			30.8 Effects of Population Interactions on Community Structure
			30.9 Succession
			30.10 Variations in Species Richness among Communities
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 30
		31 Ecosystems
			31.1 Connections Within and Among Ecosystems
			31.2 Ecosystems and Energy
			31.3 Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
			31.4 Carbon: A Disrupted Cycle
			31.5 Ecosystem Modelling
			31.6 Scale, Ecosystems, Species
			31.7 Three Sample Ecosystems
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 31
		32 Animal Behaviour
			32.1 Genes, Environment, and Behaviour
			32.2 Instinct
			Figure 32.5 Experimental Research The Role of Sign Stimuli in Parent– Offspring Interactions
			32.3 Knockouts: Genes and Behaviour
			32.4 Learning
			32.5 Neurophysiology and Behaviour
			32.6 Hormones and Behaviour
			32.7 Neural Anatomy and Behaviour
			32.8 Communication
			32.9 Language: Syntax and Symbols
			32.10 Space
			32.11 Home Range and Territory
			32.12 Migration
			Figure 32.32 Experimental Research Experimental Analysis of the Indigo Bunting's Star Compass
			32.13 Mates as Resources
			32.14 Sexual Selection
			32.15 Social Behaviour
			32.16 Kin Selection and Altruism
			32.17 Eusocial Animals
			32.18 Human Social Behaviour
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 32
		THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGY (PURPLE PAGES)
			What Are the Purple Pages?
			Emergent Properties
			The Scientific Basis of Biology
			Measurement and Scale
			The Organization of Matter
			Atoms Interact to Produce New Properties
			Chemical Bonds
			Water
			Carbon Compounds
VOLUME 3: SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES
	UNIT SEVEN SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES: PLANTS
		33 Organization of the Plant Body
			33.1 Plant Structure and Growth: An Overview
			33.2 The Three Plant Tissue Systems
			Figure 33.9 Experimental Research Networking the Secondary Cell Wall
			33.3 Primary Shoot Systems
			33.4 Root Systems
			33.5 Secondary Growth
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 33
		34 Transport in Plants
			34.1 Principles of Water and Solute Movement in Plants
			34.2 Uptake and Transport of Water and Solutes by Roots
			34.3 Long-Distance Transport of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
			34.4 Transport of Organic Substances in the Phloem
			Figure 34.13 Experimental Research Translocation Pressure
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 34
		35 Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants
			35.1 Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
			35.2 Flower Structure and Formation of Gametes
			35.3 Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination
			35.4 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
			Figure 35.16 Research Method Plant Tissue Culture Protocol
			35.5 Early Development of Plant Form and Function
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 35
		36 Plant Nutrition
			36.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
			Figure 36.2 Research Method Hydroponic Culture
			36.2 Soil
			36.3 Root Adaptations for Obtaining and Absorbing Nutrients
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 36
		37 Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment
			37.1 Introduction to Plant Hormones
			Figure 37.3 Experimental Research The Darwins' Experiments on Phototropism
			Figure 37.4 Experimental Research Two Experiments by Frits Went Demonstrating the Effect of Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) on an Oat Coleoptile
			37.2 Plant Chemical Defences
			37.3 Plant Movements
			37.4 Plant Biological Clocks
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 37
	UNIT EIGHT SYSTEMS ANDPROCESSES: ANIMALS
		38 Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology
			38.1 Organization of the Animal Body
			38.2 Animal Tissues
			38.3 Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
			38.4 Homeostasis
			Figure 38.12 Experimental Research Demonstration of the Use of the Bill for Thermoregulation in Birds
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 38
		39 Animal Nutrition
			39.1 Nutrients Are Essential Components of Any Diet
			39.2 Feeding: Obtaining Nutrients
			39.3 Digestive Processes
			39.4 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Digestive Tract
			39.5 Regulation of Digestive Processes
			Figure 39.20 Experimental Research Association of Bacterial Populations in the Gut Microbiome with Obesity in Humans
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 39
		40 Gas Exchange: The Respiratory System
			40.1 General Principles
			40.2 Gas Exchange Organs
			40.3 The Mammalian Respiratory System
			40.4 Exchange of Gas with Blood
			40.5 Transport of Gases in Blood
			Figure 40.21 Experimental Research Demonstration of a Molecular Basis for High-Altitude Adaptation in Deer Mice
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 40
		41 Internal Transport: The Circulatory System
			41.1 Animal Circulatory Systems: An Introduction
			41.2 Blood and Its Components
			41.3 The Heart
			41.4 Blood Vessels of the Circulatory System
			41.5 Maintaining Blood Flow and Pressure
			Figure 41.17 Experimental Research Demonstration of a Vasodilatory Signalling Molecule
			41.6 The Lymphatic System
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 41
		42 Regulation of the Internal Environment: Water, Solutes, and Temperature
			42.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion
			42.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates
			42.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Non-mammalian Vertebrates
			42.4 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals
			Figure 42.15 Experimental Research ADH-Stimulated Water Reabsorption in the Kidney Collecting Duct
			42.5 Introduction to Thermoregulation
			42.6 Ectothermy
			42.7 Endothermy
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 42
		43 Control of Animal Processes: Endocrine Control
			43.1 Hormones and Their Secretion
			43.2 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
			Figure 43.6 Experimental Research Demonstration That Epinephrine Acts by Binding to a Plasma Membrane Receptor
			43.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
			43.4 Other Major Endocrine Glands of Vertebrates
			43.5 Endocrine Systems in Invertebrates
			Figure 43.16 Experimental Research Demonstration That Growth and Moulting in Insects Is Hormonally Controlled
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 43
		44 Animal Reproduction
			44.1 The Drive to Reproduce
			44.2 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
			44.3 Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
			44.4 Sexual Reproduction in Mammals
			Figure 44.11 Experimental Research Vocal Cues to Ovulation in Human Females
			44.5 Development
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 44
		45 Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control
			45.1 The Basis of Information Flow in Nervous Systems: An Overview
			Figure 45.13 Experimental Research Demonstration of Chemical Transmission of Nerve Impulses at Synapses
			45.2 Sensory Inputs: Reception
			Figure 45.25 Experimental Research How Do Sea Urchins Detect Light?
			Figure 45.42 Experimental Research Magnetic Sense in Sea Turtles
			45.3 The Central Nervous System: Integration
			45.4 The Peripheral Nervous System: Transmission and Response
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 45
		46 Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements
			46.1 Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
			Figure 46.5 Experimental Research The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
			46.2 Skeletal Systems
			46.3 Vertebrate Movement: The Interactions between Muscles and Bones
			SUMMARY ILLUSTRATION FOR CHAPTER 45
Appendix A: Answers to Self-Test Questions
Glossary
Index