Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
PART 1 Evolution of Biological Concepts
	CHAPTER 1 Biological Basis of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Historical Perspective
		Introduction
		Orthodontic treatment in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and through the Renaissance period: Mechanics, but few biological considerations
		Orthodontic treatment during the Industrial Revolution: Emergence of identification of biological factors
		Orthodontic tooth movement in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries: From light microscopy to tissue engineering and stem cells
		Conclusions and the road ahead
		References
	CHAPTER 2 Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: The Evolution of Hypotheses and Concepts
		Introduction
		Hypotheses about the biological nature of OTM: The conceptual evolution
		Bioelectric signals in orthodontic tooth movement
		Concluding remarks
		References
PART 2 Mechanics Meets Biology
	CHAPTER 3 Cellular and Molecular Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Entities important for tooth movement – the players in the game
		Biomechanical characteristics of the PDL
		General regulatory mechanisms
		Effects of orthodontic force application
		Cell biological processes during relapse and retention
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 4 Inflammatory Response in the Periodontal Ligament and Dental Pulp During Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Inflammation during tooth movement
		Inflammatory mediators in OTM
		Activation of inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycles of PDL in OTM
		Response of the dental pulp to mechanical forces
		Pain during OTM
		Root resorption and inflammation
		Root resorption in the cementum
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 5 The Effects of Mechanical Loading on Hard and Soft Tissues and Cells
		Introduction
		Mechanobiology
		Mechanotransduction in bone tissue
		Mechanotransduction in periodontal tissues
		The role of marginal gingiva in orthodontic tooth movement
		Marginal gingiva is the mechanosensor of the periodontium
	ATP-purinoreceptors are mechanosensors in marginal gingiva
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgement
		References
	CHAPTER 6 Biological Aspects of Bone Growth and Metabolism in Orthodontics
		Introduction
		Basic concepts of bone growth and development
		Genetic mechanisms for environment adaptation
		Factors influencing bone remodeling and modeling
		Cortical bone remodeling
		Trabecular bone remodeling
		Growth and development of facial bones
		Temporomandibular joint development and mature adaptation
		Tooth movement and bone modeling
		Dental facial orthopedics and bone modeling
		Calcium metabolism and tooth movement
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	CHAPTER 7 Mechanical Load, Sex Hormones, and Bone Modeling
		Introduction
		Osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation and function
		Osteocytes
		Osteoclast differentiation and function
		Sex hormones and their receptors
	Osteoblasts and osteocytes respond to load-induced modeling
	Osteoclast response to load-induced modeling
		Role of sex hormones for the osteogenic effect of loading
		Sex hormones and OTM
		Acknowledgements
		References
	CHAPTER 8 Biological Reactions to Temporary Anchorage Devices
		Introduction
		Clinical factors in the success of TADs
		Mechanical analysis using finite element models
		Histological reactions
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 9 Tissue Reaction to Orthodontic Force Systems. Are we in Control?
		Introduction
		Pressure–tension theory: Still valid?
		The influence of the material properties
		The influence of the morphology of the alveolar wall
		The influence of force level
		The influence of the interaction with occlusion
		Conclusions
		Where are we now? How should we continue?
		References
PART 3 Inflammation and Orthodontics
	CHAPTER 10 The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Oral Microbiology
		Introduction
		Changes in the oral microbiome with removable orthodontic appliances
		Changes in the oral microbiome with fixed orthodontic appliances
		Effects of different orthodontic bracket types on oral microbiome
		Changes in the oral microbiome with orthodontic retainers
		Importance of oral hygiene
	Impacted teeth, mini-implants, orthognathic surgery and changes in oral microbiota
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 11 Markers of Paradental Tissue Remodeling in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva of Orthodontic Patients
		Why study oral fluids?
		What is known about markers in oral fluids during orthodontic tooth movement?
		What is needed for improved diagnostic trials of markers in oral fluids during orthodontic treatment?
		Variables associated with the collection and analysis of GCF
		The future
		Conclusions
		References
PART 4 Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment
	CHAPTER 12 Genetic Influences on Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Tissue reactions to application of mechanical forces
		Reaction of the pulp tissues
		Genetic influences and translational applications
		Complications of OTM and its genetic implications
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 13 Precision Orthodontics: Limitations and Possibilities in Practice
		Introduction
		Progression in DNA analysis technology and its impact on clinical research and practice
		Precision oral healthcare
		From personalized to precision orthodontics
		Support of next generation sequencing, other genetic studies, and the utility of their application in orthodontics
		Education
		Conclusion
		References
	CHAPTER 14 The Effect of Drugs, Hormones, and Diet on Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Prostaglandins and analogues
	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
		Antiresorptive agents
		Asthma medications
		Corticosteroids
		Antihistamines
	Statins: cholesterol-lowering drugs
		Drugs inducing gingival enlargement
		Anticholinergic drugs
		Psychiatric drugs
		Hormonal influences on tooth movement
		Effects of vitamins, minerals, and diet on tooth movement
		Vitamins
		Minerals
		Fluoride
		Lipids
		Substance abuse and OTM
		Conclusions
		References
PART 5 Rapid Orthodontics
	CHAPTER 15 Biological Orthodontics: Methods to Accelerate or Decelerate Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Early attempts to accelerate tooth movement
		Accelerating tooth movement: pharmacological approaches
		Accelerating tooth movement: physical stimuli
		Surgical approaches
		Methods to decelerate tooth movement
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 16 Surgically Assisted Tooth Movement: Biological Application
		Introduction
		Surgically assisted tooth movement
		Biological principles and biomechanical considerations
		Historical background
		A different perspective: six rules for effective alveolar corticotomy
		Clinical examples
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 17 Precision Accelerated Orthodontics: How Micro-osteoperforations and Vibration Trigger Inflammation to Optimize Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Sculpting biphasic theory from the bedrock of data
		Saturation of the biological response: more does not mean faster
		MOPs: hyperlocalized inflammation for safe, minimally invasive accelerated tooth movement
		Good vibrations: catabolic response during OTM
		Conclusion
		References
	PART 6 Long-term Effects of Tooth-moving Forces
	CHAPTER 18 Mechanical and Biological Determinants of Iatrogenic Injuries in Orthodontics
		Introduction
		Intraoral iatrogenic effects
		Gingival effects
		Periodontal changes and alveolar bone loss
	Tooth-related changes
		Soft tissue irritation
		Cytotoxicity and allergic reactions
		Extraoral iatrogenic effects
		Systemic risks
		Swallowing or inhalation of small parts
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 19 The Biological Background of Relapse of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		Introduction
		Relapse, physiologic recovery, or aging?
		The process of relapse
		Collagen fibers of the periodontium and relapse
		Oxytalan fibers
		Conclusions
		References
	PART 7 Tooth-movement Research
	CHAPTER 20 Planning and Executing Tooth-movement Research
		Introduction
		The scientific method
		Evidence generation
	Methodologies for tooth-movement research
		Studying mechanobiology
		Conclusions
		References
	CHAPTER 21 Controversies and Research Directions in Tooth-movement Research
		Introduction
		The optimal orthodontic force concept
	Is tooth movement inflammatory or a mechanotransduction process?
	How far are biomarkers useful in validating OTM?
	Can we accelerate tooth movement by any means?
	Alveolar bone density and shape of the alveolar wall
		Gingival recession
		Periodontal health
		Conclusions
		References
Index
	EULA