Bioactive Peptides from Food: Sources, Analysis, and Functions

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Series Preface
Preface
Editors
List of Contributors
Section 1 Bioactive Peptides
	Chapter 1 Bioactive Peptides: An Overview
		Introduction
		Sources
		Animal Sources
		Vegetal Sources
		New Sources
		From Production to Commercialization
		Stability and Bioavailability
		Applications
		Anti-Inflammatory Activity
		Antihypertensive Activity
		Lipid-Lowering Activity
		Anticancer Activity
		Immunomodulatory Activity
		Other Biological Activities
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
Section 2 Sources of Bioactive Peptides
	Chapter 2 Bioactive Peptides from Algae
		Introduction
		Algal Proteins
			Macroalgal Proteins
			Microalgal Proteins
		Methods for Generation of Bioactive Peptides
			Protein Extraction
			Protein Hydrolysis
			Peptide Purification
			Peptide Identification
			Validation Activity of Peptides
		Hydrolysates and Peptides from Algae
			Antioxidant Peptides
			Antihypertensive Peptides
			Immunomodulatory Peptides
			Antidiabetic Peptides
			Anticancer Peptides
			Other Biological Activities
		Challenges and Future Applications of Bioactive Peptides
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 3 Meat
		Introduction
		History of Bioactive Peptide Discovery
		Sources of Bioactive Peptides
			Bioactive Peptides from Meat and Meat Products
				Trimmings and Cuttings
				Bones
			Blood
		Production of Bioactive Peptides
		Types of Bioactive Peptides
			Antihypertensive Peptides
				Antihypertensive Peptides from Myosin Sources
				Antihypertensive Peptides from Troponin Sources
			Antithrombotic Peptides
			Antioxidant Peptides
			Antimicrobial Peptides
			Antidiabetic Peptides
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4 Dairy Products
		Introduction
			Milk
			Yogurt
			Cheese
			Kefir
		References
	Chapter 5 Seafood
		Seafood: a Plentiful Source of Bioactive Peptides
			Main Seafood Sources of Bioactive Peptides
				Naturally Active Peptides
				Peptides That Are Inactive within a Parent Protein
		Development of Bioactive Peptides from Seafood
			Isolating Naturally Bioactive Peptides from Seafood
			Producing Bioactive Peptides from Seafood
				Autolysis
				Exogenous Enzymatic Hydrolysis
				Fermentative Processes
			Purification of Seafood Bioactive Peptides
		Bioactive Properties of Seafood Peptides
			Nutraceutical Application of Bioactive Seafood Peptides
		References
	Chapter 6 Cereals
		Introduction
		Cereal Proteins
		Antidiabetic Activity
		Antihypertensive Activity
		Immunomodulatory Activity
		Opioid Activity
		Antioxidant Activity
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7 Soybean
		References
	Chapter 8 Bioactive Peptides in Pulses
		Introduction
		Pulse Proteins
		Bioactive Peptides
			In Silico Approach
			Production of Bioactive Peptides
				Antihypertensive Pulse Peptides
				Antioxidative
				Anticholesterolemic
				Antimicrobial
				Other Activities and Multifunctional Peptides
			Health Benefits
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9 Other Nonconventional Sources
		Introduction
		Plant-Based By-Products
		Animal-Based By-Products
		Conclusion
		References
Section 3 From Proteins to Peptides
	Chapter 10 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Proteins
		An Overview of Protein Hydrolysis
		Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis
		Degree of Hydrolysis
		Proteases Used in Bioactive Peptides Generation
		Protein Sources of Bioactive Peptides
		References
	Chapter 11 Protein Hydrolysates in Animal Nutrition: Industrial Production, Bioactive Peptides, and Functional Significance
		Background
		Definitions of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Protein
		Industrial Production of Protein Hydrolysates
			General Considerations of Protein Hydrolysis
			Degree of Hydrolysis
		Methods for Protein Hydrolysis
			Acid Hydrolysis of Proteins
			Alkaline Hydrolysis of Proteins
			Cell-Free Proteases
			Microbial Hydrolysis of Protein
		Bioactive Peptides in Protein Hydrolysates
			Definition
			Transport of Small Peptides in the Small Intestine
			ACE-Inhibitory Peptides
			Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Peptides
			Opioid Peptides
		Applications of Plant and Animal Protein Hydrolysates in Animal Nutrition
			General Consideration
			Plant Peptides
			Animal Peptides
		Potential scale and economic value for the global use of animal and plant protein hydrolysates in animal feeding
		Future Research Directions
		Conclusion
		Abbreviations
		Acknowledgments
		Funding
		Availability of Data and Materials
		Authors’ Contributions
		Competing Interests
		Consent for Publication
		Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
		References
	Chapter 12 Fermentation Process: The Factory of Bioactive Peptides
		Introduction
		Fermentation and Fermented Foods
		Peptides from Plant-Based Fermented Foods
		Peptides from Animal-Based Fermented Foods
		Starter Culture Role in the Peptides Production during Fermentation
		Biological Activity of Peptides in Fermented Foods
			Antimicrobial Activity
			Antioxidant Activity
			Antihypertensive Activity
			Immunomodulation Activity
		Applications of Peptides in Food Safety
		Future Research and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13 Subcritical Water Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction
		Subcritical Water Extraction
			Principles
			Subcritical Water Hydrolysis and/or Extraction of Peptides
		Microwave-Assisted Extraction
			Principles
			MAE Applications of Peptides
		References
	Chapter 14 Fractionation and Purification of Bioactive Peptides
		Introduction
		Membrane Technology
			Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration
			Electrodialysis
		Electrophoresis
			Gel-Based Electrophoresis
			Capillary Electrophoresis
		Chromatography
			Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
			Ion Exchange Chromatography
			Size Exclusion Chromatography
			Miscellaneous Chromatographic Techniques
		Multidimensional Separation of Peptides
		References
Section 4 Analysis of Bioactive Peptides
	Chapter 15 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Analysis of Bioactive Peptides
		Introduction
		Sample Preparation
		Liquid Chromatography
		Mass Spectrometry
		Data Analysis
		References
	Chapter 16 Bioinformatic Analysis
		Introduction
		Sequence-Based Analysis in Bioactive Peptide Research
		Structure-Based Analysis in Bioactive Peptide Research
			Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship
			Molecular Docking
			Molecular Dynamics
		Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
Section 5 Chemical Synthesis of Peptides
	Chapter 17 Chemical Synthesis of Peptides
		Introduction
		Beneficial Activities of Bioactive Peptides
		Chemistry of Peptides
		Chemical Synthesis of Peptides
			Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis
				Linking of Amino Acids with Resins
				Protection of Amino Acids
				Coupling of Amino Acids
				Deprotection
				Removal of the Polymer
				Advantages of SPPS
			Chemical Synthesis of Difficult Peptides
				Native Chemical Ligation Method
				α-Ketoacid Hydroxylamine Ligation Method
			Purification and Analysis of Peptides
		Conclusion
		References
Section 6 Functions of Bioactive Peptides
	Chapter 18 Antihypertensive Activity
		Introduction
		Sources of Antihypertensive Peptides
			Animal Sources
				Dairy Products
				Meat
				Marine Sources
				Egg
			Plant Sources
				Wheat
				Rice
				Amaranth and Quinoa
				Soybean
				Fruits and Vegetables
				Legumes
		Isolation of Antihypertensive Peptides
			Enzymatic Hydrolysis
			Fermentation
			Genetic Engineering
			Downstream Processing
				High Pressure Processing
				Ultrasound Processing
				Microwave-Assisted Extraction
		Supercritical Fluid Extraction
		Role of Bioactive Peptide Antihypertensive Agent
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 19 Bioactive Peptides in Neurodegenerative Diseases
		Introduction
		Neurodegenerative Diseases: Definition and Classification
			Alzheimer’s Disease
			Parkinson’s Disease
			Huntington’s Disease
			Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
		Bioactive Peptides
			Bioactive Peptides in Neurodegenerative Disease
				Role of Bioactive Peptides in Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Levels
				Bioactive Peptides Against Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Cell Death-Signaling
				Bioactive Peptides and Modulation of Gut Microbiota
				Bioactive Peptides Against Inflammation
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Peptides and Their Applications in Food Safety: A Review
		Introduction
			Extraction and Obtaining the Bioactive Peptides
			Diversity of Antimicrobial Bioactive Peptides
		The Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides
			Barrel Stave Model
			Toroidal Model
			Carpet Model
		Application of Antimicrobial Peptides
			Application of Bioactive Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity in Food Safety
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21 Opioid Activity
		Introduction
			Sources of Opioid Peptides
				Food Sources
				Animal Sources
				Plant Sources
		Production of Bioactive Peptides
			Enzymatic Hydrolysis
			Microbial Fermentation
			Chemical Synthesis
			Integrated Approach toward Discovery of Opioid Peptides
		Mechanisms of Opioid Peptides
		Functions of Opioid Peptides in Human Health
			Antihypertensive Peptides
			Antioxidative Peptides
			Antimicrobial Peptides
			Immunomodulatory Peptides
			Other Functions
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 22 Immunomodulating Activity
		Introduction
		Overview of the Immune System and Protein Hydrolysates
		Immunomodulatory Effect of Food-Derived Peptides
			In vitro Studies
			In vivo Assays
			Clinical Trials
		Mechanism of Action
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		Funding
		References
	Chapter 23 Bioactive Peptides: Cytomodulatory Activity
		Introduction
		Digestibility, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Food Peptides
		Cytomodulatory Activity of Food Protein and Peptides
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24 Other Biological Functions
		Peptides: Antidiabetic, Anticoagulation, and Mineral Binding Properties
			Antidiabetic Properties
			Anticoagulation Properties
			Mineral Binding Properties
		References
Section 7 Regulatory Status of Bioactive Peptides
	Chapter 25 Regulatory Status of Bioactive Peptides
		Introduction
		Approved Bioactive Peptides in the Market
		Significance of Bioactive Peptides in the Treatment of Diseases
		Global Market of Bioactive Peptides
		Regulatory Perspectives of Bioactive Peptides
		Challenges to Market Authorization and Commercialization
		Concluding Remarks
		References
Index