Big Data Analysis on Global Community Formation and Isolation: Sustainability and Flow of Commodities, Money, and Humans

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Global Production and Domestic Divides
	1 Introduction
	2 Flows of Goods, Money, and People
	3 Community Formation and Isolation
	4 Outline of This Book
	5 Conclusions
	References
Part I Commodity Flow
Is Firm-Level International Trade More Pronounced at the Inter-industry or Intra-industry Level?
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Research Goal
	2 Methodology of Network Analysis
		2.1 Bow-Tie Analysis
		2.2 Community Detection by Maximizing Modularity
		2.3 Community Detection by Minimizing Map Equation
		2.4 Over-Expression Analysis
	3 Data
		3.1 Multi-regional Input-Output Data
		3.2 Global Supplier-Customer Relationship Data
		3.3 Pros and Cons of the Data
	4 Industry Sector-Specific International Trade Network Analysis
		4.1 Community Structure of International Trade Network
		4.2 Linked Communities of International Trade Network
	5 Firm-Level Global Production Network Analysis
		5.1 Node-Level Characteristics of Global Production Network
		5.2 Bow-Tie Structure of Global Production Network
		5.3 Community Structure of Global Production Network
		5.4 Over-Expression Characteristics
	6 Conclusion
	References
Multilayer Network Approach  to Dynamics of Japanese Interfirm Transaction Relations
	1 Introduction
	2 Interfirm Transaction Data
	3 Methods
		3.1 Bow-Tie Decomposition
		3.2 Community Detection
		3.3 Visualization of Networks
	4 Lifetime of Transaction Relations
	5 From Nodes to Links
	6 Multilayer Network Approach
		6.1 Construction of a Multilayer Network
		6.2 Determination of Interlayer Weight
		6.3 Evolution of Communities
		6.4 Overlapping Communities
		6.5 Characterization of Communities
	7 Conclusion
	References
Supplier-Customer Network of Kyoto\'s Traditional Craft Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background and Objectives of the Study
		1.2 Outline of the Nishijin Silk Fabrics, Kyoyuzen Dyeing, and Kyoto Doll Industries
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Network Communities
		2.3 Network Centrality Indices
		2.4 Network Topological Characteristics
		2.5 Network Robustness
		2.6 Bow-Tie Decomposition
	3 Results
		3.1 Communities of Kyoto\'s Traditional Craft Industry
		3.2 Key Firms in the Selected Subcommunities
		3.3 Topological Characteristics of the Selected Subcommunities
		3.4 Robustness of the Selected Subcommunities
		3.5 Profitability and Productivity in the Bow-Tie Structure
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Resource Flows and Stocks in the Global Economy
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Consumptions and Stocks
		2.1 Materials and Methods
		2.2 Material Apparent Consumption
		2.3 Material Stocks in Society
	3 Used and Unused Extraction Resulting from Mining
		3.1 Materials and Methods
		3.2 Global Distribution of Used and Unused Extracted Materials Induced by the Global Economy
		3.3 Global Distribution of Used and Unused Extracted Materials Induced by the Japanese Economy
	4 Toward Environmentally Sustainable Patterns of Resource Consumption and Production
	References
Part II Monetary Flow
Who Possesses Whom in Terms  of the Global Ownership Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Stock Ownership Data
	3 Bow-Tie Structure
	4 Helmholtz–Hodge Decomposition
	5 Hierarchical Structure
	6 Multilateral Cross-Shareholdings
	7 Ultimate Owners
	8 Conclusions
	References
Stock Ownership Structure in Japan
	1 Introduction
	2 Ownership Networks
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Bow-Tie Structure
	3 Distribution of Direct Ownership by Investor Category
		3.1 Classification of Shareholders
		3.2 Characteristics of Shareholders\' Clusters
	4 Ultimate Ownership
		4.1 Helmholtz–Hodge Decomposition
		4.2 How to Compute Ultimate Ownership
		4.3 Comparison Between the Direct and Ultimate Ownership
	5 Hierarchical Value of Firms
		5.1 Definition
		5.2 Comparison with the Actual Value of Firms
	6 Community Structure of the GSCC
		6.1 Community Detection
		6.2 Characteristics of Communities
	7 Summary
	References
Regional and Sectoral Change of Global Value-Added Network Around the 2009 Economic Crisis
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Related Works
		1.3 Research Goals
	2 Multi-Regional IO Data
	3 Global Value-Added Network
		3.1 Sector Wise Trade in Value-Added
		3.2 Illustrative Example
	4 Method of Community Analysis
		4.1 Map Equation
		4.2 Illustrative Example
	5 Results
		5.1 Basic Characteristics of the Network
		5.2 Community Dynamics of the Network
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
International Tax Avoidance Investigated from A Network Science Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Phenomena Arisen from Tax-Avoiding Behaviors
	3 International Tax System That Creates Tax Avoidance Opportunities
		3.1 A Numerical Method for Analyzing the International Tax System
		3.2 The Results of Analyzing the International Tax System
	4 Multinational Corporate Structures Motivated by Tax Avoidance
		4.1 A Method for Analyzing Multinational Corporate Structures
		4.2 Results for Multinational Corporate Structures
	5 Diverted Cross-Border Investments Analyzed  on the Basis of Tax Avoidance Behaviors
		5.1 A Method for Exploring Diverted Cross-Border Investments
		5.2 Results of Exploring Diverted Cross-Border Investments
	6 Policy Implications
	7 Conclusions
	References
Part III Human Flow
Detecting Ethnic Linkages in Economic Networks Using Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Large-Scale Surname Data
		2.2 Using RNN
		2.3 Prediction of Nationality
		2.4 Classification by Ethnicity
		2.5 Method for Abstracting Ethnic Linkages
	3 Spatial Distribution Analysis of Ethnic Linkages in Economic Networks
	4 Analysis of Ethnic Linkages in International Trading
		4.1 U.S.–China Trade War Analysis
		4.2 IHS Dataset (Arab Spring: 2010–2013)
	5 Conclusions
	References
Immigrant Integration in Asia
	1 Introduction
	2 Immigrant Integration
	3 Attitudes Towards Immigrants in Asia
		3.1 Related Works
		3.2 Individual-Level: Non-attitudinal
		3.3 Individual-Level: Attitudinal
		3.4 Group-Level
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data
		4.2 Methodology
		4.3 Pre-selection Method
		4.4 Network Analysis
	5 Results
		5.1 Bipartite Network
		5.2 One-Mode Projection: Countries
		5.3 One-Mode Projection: Variables
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Countries
		6.2 Variables
	7 Conclusion
	References
Data Envelopment Analysis  on the Fulfillment of Right to Health for Syrian Refugees in Turkey
	1 Background
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Human Rights Indicators
		2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Human Rights Fulfillment
		2.3 Interest of the Study
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Human Rights Indicators
		3.2 Quantitative Analysis of Human Rights Fulfillment
	4 Results
		4.1 Syrian Health Care System in Turkey
		4.2 Efficiency Analysis of the Health Care System
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Contributing Factors to Efficiency Improvement
		5.2 A Comparison of Health Care System: Iraq and Lebanon
		5.3 Summary
	6 Policy Implication for Efficiency Improvement
	7 Conclusion
	References
Design of Social Isolation Index
	1 Introduction to Social Indicators
		1.1 Basics of Social Indicators
		1.2 Types of Social Indicators
		1.3 Measuring Social Isolation Using Social Indicators
	2 Examples of Social Indicators
		2.1 The Human Development Index
		2.2 The Social Progress Index
		2.3 The Gallup-Sharecare Well-Being Index
		2.4 The Canadian Index of Well-Being
		2.5 The Child Well-Being Index
	3 Big-Data for Monitoring Well-Being
		3.1 Motivation of Big-Data Analysis
		3.2 The Research on Big-Data Analysis
		3.3 Cellphones
		3.4 Social Media
		3.5 Online Search
		3.6 Satellite Images
		3.7 Other Data Sources
		3.8 Combination of Multi-data Sources
		3.9 Problems of Big-Data Analysis
	4 Design of Social Isolation Index
		4.1 Existing Indicators and Social Isolation
		4.2 Eight Requirements for Social Isolation Index Using Big-Data
		4.3 Proposal for the Social Isolation Index
	5 Conclusion
	References
Part IV Policy Process
Making Policy Recommendations in International Organizations
	1 Introduction
	2 International Policy Procedure Among OECD Countries
		2.1 The Organisation for Economic and Co-operation  and Development
		2.2 International Policymaking Processes Facilitated by the OECD
		2.3 Relationships with Non-member Countries
		2.4 Case Study: The BEPS Project
		2.5 Summary
	3 Policy Recommendations in the Food and Agriculture Organization
		3.1 FAO\'s Changing Role
		3.2 Partnerships and Facilitation
		3.3 Education to Set a Moral Standard
		3.4 Uniting the Relevant Agencies
		3.5 Summary
	4 Conclusion
	References
Beyond ``Evidence-Based\'\' Policymaking
	1 Introduction
	2 How to Lie with Data
	3 Policy-Based Evidence Making
	4 Lessons Learned from the History of Physics
	5 Topological Data Analysis
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References