Behaviour Modification: Principles and Procedures

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
ONE: Introduction to Behavior Modification......Page 26
DEFINING HUMAN BEHAVIOR......Page 27
EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIOR......Page 29
CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION......Page 30
Major Figures......Page 32
Major Publications and Events......Page 34
Developmental Disabilities......Page 35
Education and Special Education......Page 36
Business, Industry, and Human Services......Page 37
Health-Related Behaviors......Page 38
Procedures to Establish New Behaviors......Page 39
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 40
PRACTICE TEST......Page 41
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 42
TWO: Observing and Recording Behavior......Page 46
DIRECT AND INDIRECT ASSESSMENT......Page 47
DEFINING THE TARGET BEHAVIOR......Page 48
THE LOGISTICS OF RECORDING......Page 49
CHOOSING A RECORDING METHOD......Page 52
CHOOSING A RECORDING INSTRUMENT......Page 57
REACTIVITY......Page 61
INTEROBSERVER RELIABILITY......Page 62
KEY TERMS......Page 63
APPLICATIONS......Page 64
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 65
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 68
THREE: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change......Page 72
COMPONENTS OF A GRAPH......Page 73
GRAPHING BEHAVIORAL DATA......Page 76
GRAPHING DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF BEHAVIOR......Page 77
RESEARCH DESIGNS......Page 79
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 89
PRACTICE TEST......Page 90
APPLICATIONS......Page 91
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 92
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 94
FOUR: Reinforcement......Page 98
DEFINING REINFORCEMENT......Page 100
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT......Page 103
ESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS......Page 105
CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED REINFORCERS......Page 107
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REINFORCEMENT......Page 108
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT......Page 111
CONCURRENT SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT......Page 116
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 117
PRACTICE TEST......Page 118
APPENDIX A......Page 119
APPENDIX B......Page 120
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 122
FIVE: Extinction......Page 126
DEFINING EXTINCTION......Page 127
EXTINCTION BURST......Page 129
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY......Page 131
PROCEDURAL VARIATIONS OF EXTINCTION......Page 132
A COMMON MISCONCEPTION ABOUT EXTINCTION......Page 134
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EXTINCTION......Page 135
APPENDIX A......Page 137
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 140
DEFINING PUNISHMENT......Page 144
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT......Page 147
UNCONDITIONED AND CONDITIONED PUNISHERS......Page 152
CONTRASTING REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT......Page 153
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 155
PROBLEMS WITH PUNISHMENT......Page 158
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 160
PRACTICE TEST......Page 161
APPENDIX A......Page 162
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 164
SEVEN: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization......Page 168
DEFINING STIMULUS CONTROL......Page 169
DEVELOPING STIMULUS CONTROL: STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION TRAINING......Page 171
THE THREE-TERM CONTINGENCY......Page 174
STIMULUS CONTROL RESEARCH......Page 175
GENERALIZATION......Page 176
PRACTICE TEST......Page 182
APPENDIX A......Page 183
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 186
EXAMPLES OF RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 190
DEFINING RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 191
TIMING OF THE NEUTRAL STIMULUS AND UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS......Page 194
HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING......Page 195
CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSES......Page 196
EXTINCTION OF CONDITIONED RESPONSES......Page 198
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 199
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN OPERANT AND RESPONDENT CONDITIONING......Page 201
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 204
PRACTICE TEST......Page 205
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 206
AN EXAMPLE OF SHAPING: TEACHING A CHILD TO TALK......Page 210
DEFINING SHAPING......Page 211
APPLICATION OF SHAPING......Page 213
RESEARCH ON SHAPING......Page 214
HOW TO USE SHAPING......Page 219
SHAPING OF PROBLEM BEHAVIORS......Page 221
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 223
APPLICATIONS......Page 224
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 225
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 226
AN EXAMPLE OF PROMPTING AND FADING: TEACHING LITTLE LEAGUERS TO HIT THE BALL......Page 230
WHAT IS PROMPTING?......Page 232
WHAT IS FADING?......Page 233
TYPES OF PROMPTS......Page 235
TRANSFER OF STIMULUS CONTROL......Page 238
HOW TO USE PROMPTING AND TRANSFER OF STIMULUS CONTROL......Page 243
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 245
PRACTICE TEST......Page 246
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 247
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 248
EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORAL CHAINS......Page 252
ANALYZING STIMULUS–RESPONSE CHAINS......Page 253
TASK ANALYSIS......Page 254
BACKWARD CHAINING......Page 257
FORWARD CHAINING......Page 259
TOTAL TASK PRESENTATION......Page 261
OTHER STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING BEHAVIORAL CHAINS......Page 263
HOW TO USE CHAINING PROCEDURES......Page 268
PRACTICE TEST......Page 269
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 270
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 272
EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURES......Page 276
COMPONENTS OF THE BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURE......Page 277
ENHANCING GENERALIZATION AFTER BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING......Page 282
IN SITU TRAINING......Page 283
BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING IN GROUPS......Page 284
APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURES......Page 285
HOW TO USE BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING PROCEDURES......Page 289
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 290
PRACTICE TEST......Page 291
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 292
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 294
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 298
DEFINING FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 301
FUNCTIONS OF PROBLEM BEHAVIORS......Page 302
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT METHODS......Page 303
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESEARCH......Page 314
CONDUCTING A FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 317
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 319
APPLICATIONS......Page 320
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 323
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 324
THE CASE OF WILLY......Page 328
USING EXTINCTION OF DECREASE A PROBLEM BEHAVIOR......Page 331
TAKING ACCOUNT OF THE SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT BEFORE EXTINCTION......Page 338
PROMOTING GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 340
RESEARCH EVALUATING THE USE OF EXTINCTION......Page 341
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 344
APPLICATIONS......Page 345
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 346
APPENDIX B......Page 347
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 348
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIOR......Page 352
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF OTHER BEHAVIOR......Page 363
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF LOW RATES OF RESPONDING......Page 369
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 375
PRACTICE TEST......Page 376
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 377
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 380
EXAMPLES OF ANTECEDENT CONTROL......Page 384
DEFINING ANTECEDENT CONTROL PROCEDURES......Page 386
RESEARCH ON ANTECEDENT CONTROL STRATEGIES......Page 394
USING ANTECEDENT CONTROL STRATEGIES......Page 402
PRACTICE TEST......Page 405
APPLICATIONS......Page 406
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 407
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 410
SEVENTEEN: Using Punishment: Time-out and Response Cost......Page 414
TIME-OUT......Page 415
RESPONSE COST......Page 424
KEY TERMS......Page 429
APPLICATIONS......Page 430
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 431
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 432
APPLICATION OF AVERSIVE ACTIVITIES......Page 436
APPLICATION OF AVERSIVE STIMULATION......Page 443
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: TREATMENT OF LAST RESORT......Page 446
CONSIDERATIONS IN USING POSITIVE PUNISHMENT......Page 447
THE ETHICS OF PUNISHMENT......Page 448
KEY TERMS......Page 450
APPLICATIONS......Page 451
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 452
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 454
EXAMPLES OF GENERALIZATION PROGRAMMING......Page 458
DEFINING GENERALIZATION......Page 459
STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING GENERALIZATION OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE......Page 460
IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE GENERALIZATION......Page 470
PROMOTING GENERALIZED REDUCTIONS IN PROBLEM BEHAVIORS......Page 471
PRACTICE TEST......Page 473
APPLICATIONS......Page 474
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 475
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 478
EXAMPLES OF SELF-MANAGEMENT......Page 482
DEFINING SELF-MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS......Page 484
DEFINING SELF-MANAGEMENT......Page 486
TYPES OF SELF-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES......Page 487
STEPS IN A SELF-MANAGEMENT PLAN......Page 492
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 495
PRACTICE TEST......Page 496
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 497
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 500
EXAMPLES OF HABIT BEHAVIORS......Page 504
DEFINING HABIT BEHAVIORS......Page 505
HABIT REVERSAL PROCEDURES......Page 507
APPLICATIONS OF HABIT REVERSAL......Page 508
WHY DO HABIT REVERSAL PROCEDURES WORK?......Page 511
OTHER TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR HABIT DISORDERS......Page 513
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 515
APPLICATIONS......Page 516
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 517
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 518
REHABILITATING SAMMY......Page 522
DEFINING A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 523
IMPLEMENTING A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 525
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 530
APPLICATIONS OF A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 532
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A TOKEN ECONOMY......Page 535
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 538
APPLICATIONS......Page 539
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 540
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 542
EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTING......Page 546
DEFINING THE BEHAVIORAL CONTRACT......Page 548
COMPONENTS OF A BEHAVIORAL CONTRACT......Page 549
TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTS......Page 551
WHY DO BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTS INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR?......Page 554
APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORAL CONTRACTS......Page 556
PRACTICE TEST......Page 559
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 560
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 562
EXAMPLES OF FEAR AND ANXIETY REDUCTION......Page 566
DEFINING FEAR AND ANXIETY PROBLEMS......Page 568
PROCEDURES TO REDUCE FEAR AND ANXIETY......Page 571
KEY TERMS......Page 583
APPLICATIONS......Page 584
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 585
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 586
EXAMPLES OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION......Page 590
DEFINING COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION......Page 593
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PROCEDURES......Page 595
PRACTICE TEST......Page 603
MISAPPLICATIONS......Page 604
CHAPTER QUIZZES......Page 606
GLOSSARY......Page 610
REFERENCES......Page 622
NAME INDEX......Page 648
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 654