Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering-II : For WBUT Subject Code ES-201

Cover
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Roadmap to the Syllabus
Chapter 1: Electrostatics
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Electric Charge
	1.3 Coulomb’s Law
	1.4 Electric Field
		1.4.1 Types of Charge Distribution
		1.4.2 Electric Field due to a Group of Charges
	1.5 Electric Field Intensity or Electric Field Strength
	1.6 Electric Flux and Electric Flux Density
		1.6.1 Relationship Between Electric Flux Density and Electric Field Intensity
		1.6.2 Electric Field at a Point due to a Number of Charges
	1.7 Electric Potential
	1.8 Potential Difference
	1.9 Gauss’s Law
		1.9.1 Use of Gauss’s Law
		1.9.2 Proof of Gauss’s Law
		1.9.3 Point Form of Gauss’s Law
		1.9.4 Divergence Theorem
		1.9.5 Application of Gauss’s Law to Obtain D and E
	1.10 Capacitors
		1.10.1 Capacitor as a Charge Storing Device
		1.10.2 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
		1.10.3 Capacitance of a Spherical Condenser
		1.10.4 Capacitance of an Isolated Sphere
		1.10.5 Capacitance of Parallel Conductors
		1.10.6 Capacitance of an Infinitely Long Wire Using the Method of Image Formation
		1.10.7 Capacitance of Concentric Conductors (Electric Cables)
	1.11 Review Questions
Chapter 2: DC Machines
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Nature of Load Current When Output Is Taken Out Through Brush and Slip-ring Arrangement
		2.1.2 Nature of Load Current When Output Is Taken Through Brush and Commutator Arrangement
		2.1.3 Function of Brush and Commutators in Motoring Action
	2.2 Construction Details
		2.2.1 The Field System
		2.2.2 The Armature
		2.2.3 Armature Winding
		2.2.4 Types of Armature Winding
	2.3 EMF Equation of a DC Machine
		2.3.1 Induced EMF Is Equated to Flux Cut Per Second
	2.4 Types of DC Machines
	2.5 Characteristics of DC Generators
		2.5.1 No-load Characteristics
		2.5.2 Load Characteristics
	2.6 Applications of DC Generators
	2.7 Operation of a DC Machine as a Motor
		2.7.1 Working Principle of a DC Motor
		2.7.2 Changing the Direction of Rotation
		2.7.3 Energy Conversion Equation
	2.8 Torque Equation
	2.9 Starting a DC Motor
	2.10 Speed Control of DC Motors
		2.10.1 Voltage Control Method
		2.10.2 Field Control Method
		2.10.3 Armature Control Method
	2.11 Starter for a DC Motor
		2.11.1 Three-point Starter
		2.11.2 Four-point Starter
	2.12 Types and Characteristics of DC Motors
		2.12.1 Characteristics of DC Shunt Motors
		2.12.2 Characteristics of DC Series Motors
		2.12.3 Characteristics of DC Compound Motors
	2.13 Losses and Efficiency
		2.13.1 Losses in a DC Machine
		2.13.2 Efficiency of DC Machine
		2.13.3 Condition for Maximum Efficiency
	2.14 Applications of DC Machines
		2.14.1 DC Generators
		2.14.2 DC Motors
		2.14.3 DC Series Motors
		2.14.4 DC Compound Motors
	2.15 Solved Numerical Problems
	2.16 Review Questions
Chapter 3: Transformers
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Applications of Transformers
	3.3 Basic Principle and Construction Details
		3.3.1 Basic Principle
		3.3.2 Construction Details
	3.4 Core-type and Shell-type Transformers
		3.4.1 Power Transformers and Distribution Transformers
	3.5 EMF Equation
	3.6 Transformer on No-load
	3.7 Transformer on Load
	3.8 Transformer Circuit Parameters and Equivalent Circuit
	3.9 Phasor Diagram of a Transformer
	3.10 Concept of Voltage Regulation
	3.11 Concept of an Ideal Transformer
	3.12 Transformer Tests
		3.12.1 Open-circuit Test or No-load Test
		3.12.2 Short-circuit Test
	3.13 Efficiency of a Transformer
	3.14 Condition for Maximum Efficiency
	3.15 All-day Efficiency
	3.16 Calculation of Regulation of a Transformer
	3.17 Factors Affecting Losses in a Transformer
	3.18 Review Questions
Chapter 4: Three-phase Induction Motors
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Construction Details
	4.3 Windings and Pole Formation
	4.4 Production of Rotating Magnetic Field
	4.5 Principle of Working
	4.6 Rotor-induced EMF, Rotor Frequency and Rotor Current
	4.7 Losses in Induction Motors
	4.8 Power Flow Diagram
	4.9 Torque Equation
	4.10 Starting Torque
	4.11 Condition for Maximum Torque
	4.12 Torque–Slip Characteristic
	4.13 Variation of Torque–Slip Characteristic with Change in Rotor-circuit Resistance
	4.14 Starting of Induction Motors
		4.14.1 Direct-on-line Starting
		4.14.2 Manual Star–Delta Starter
	4.15 Speed Control of Induction Motors
	4.16 Determination of Efficiency
		4.16.1 No-load Test
		4.16.2 Blocked-rotor Test
	4.17 Applications of Induction Motors
	4.18 Review Questions
Chapter 5: Three-phase System
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Advantages of Three-phase Systems
	5.3 Generation of Three-phase Voltages
	5.4 Terms Used in Three-phase Systems and Circuits
	5.5 Three-phase Winding Connections
		5.5.1 Star Connection
		5.5.2 Delta Connection
		5.5.3 Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages and Currents in a Star-connected System
		5.5.4 Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages and Currents in a Delta-connected System
	5.6 Active and Reactive Power
	5.7 Comparison Between Star Connection and Delta Connection
	5.8 Measurement of Power in Three-phase Circuits
		5.8.1 One-wattmeter Method
		5.8.2 Two-wattmeter Method
		5.8.3 Three-wattmeter Method
	5.9 Review Questions
Chapter 6: Electric Power Systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Generation of Electricity
	6.3 Sources of Energy for Electricity Generation
	6.4 Thermal Power Generation from Fossil Fuel
		6.4.1 Coal-fired Thermal Power Stations
		6.4.2 Gas-fired Thermal Power Stations
		6.4.3 Oil- and Diesel-oil-fired Thermal Power Stations
	6.5 Hydroelectric Power-generating Stations
	6.6 Nuclear Power-generating Stations
	6.7 Non-conventional or Alternative Generating Stations
		6.7.1 Solar Electricity Generation
		6.7.2 Wind Energy to Produce Electricity
		6.7.3 Electricity from Biomass
		6.7.4 Mini/Micro Hydel Power Generation
		6.7.5 Electricity from Tidal Energy
		6.7.6 Electricity from Ocean Energy
		6.7.7 Electricity from Geothermal Energy
	6.8 Transmission and Distribution of Electricity
		6.8.1 AC Versus DC Transmission
		6.8.2 Distribution System
		6.8.3 Overhead Versus Underground Distribution Systems
		6.8.4 Connection Schemes of Distribution System
	6.9 Domestic Wiring
		6.9.1 Service Connection
		6.9.2 Service Mains
		6.9.3 Distribution Board for Single-phase Installation
		6.9.4 Neutral and Earth Wire
		6.9.5 Earthing
		6.9.6 System of Wiring
		6.9.7 System of Connection of Lights, Fans and Other Electrical Loads
	6.10 Circuit Protective Devices and Safety Precautions
		6.10.1 Safety Precautions in Using Electricity
	6.11 Efficient Use of Electricity
	6.12 Review Questions
Chapter 7: Field-effect Transistors
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 N–p–n and p–n–p Transistors
		7.1.2 Transistor Action
		7.1.3 Transistor as an Amplifier
		7.1.4 BJT as a Switch
	7.2 Field-effect Transistors
		7.2.1 Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET)
		7.2.2 JFET Symbols
		7.2.3 Characteristics of JFETs
		7.2.4. Parameters of JFET
	7.3 Metal-oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET)
		7.3.1 Depletion MOSFET
		7.3.2 D-MOSFET Characteristics
		7.3.3 Enhancement MOSFET
		7.3.4 Characteristics of E-MOSFETs
		7.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of MOSFETs
		7.3.6 Comparison between BJTs and FETs
		7.3.7 MOSFET Configurations
		7.3.8 Circuit Symbols for Different Types of MOSFETs
	7.4 Complementary MOSFETs (CMOS)
		7.4.1 CMOS Inverter
		7.4.2 MOSFET Equations
	7.5 Review Questions
Chapter 8: Feedback Amplifier
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Concept of Feedback
	8.3 Types of Feedback
		8.3.1 Negative Feedback and its Effects
		8.3.2 Positive Feedback and its Effects
	8.4 Representation of a Feedback Amplifier
		8.4.1 Block Diagram
		8.4.2 Loop Gain
		8.4.3 Feedback Factor
		8.4.4 Amount of Feedback
	8.5 Topologies of Feedback Amplifier
		8.5.1 Voltage–Shunt and Voltage–Series Feedback
		8.5.2 Current–Shunt or Series–Shunt Feedback
		8.5.3 Practical Examples of Feedback Circuits
	8.6 Effect of Negative Feedback on Performance Parameters
		8.6.1 Effect of Negative Feedback on Overall Gain
		8.6.2 Effect of Negative Feedback on Gain Stability
		8.6.3 Effect of Negative Feedback on Input Impedance
		8.6.4 Effect of Feedback on Output Impedance
		8.6.5 Effect of Negative Feedback on Bandwidth
		8.6.6 Effect of Negative Feedback on Noise
		8.6.7 Effect of Negative Feedback on Harmonic Distortion
		8.6.8 Effect of Negative Feedback on Sensitivity
	8.7 Effect of Positive Feedback
		8.7.1 Sinusoidal Oscillators
		8.7.2 Principle of Sinusoidal Feedback Oscillation
		8.7.3 Conditions for Oscillation
		8.7.4 The Barkhausen Criterion
		8.7.5 Instability and Nyquist Stability Criterion
	8.8 Review Questions
Chapter 9: Integrated Circuits and Operational Amplifiers
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Basics of Integrated Circuits
	9.3 Operational Amplifiers
		9.3.1 The Practical Op-amp
		9.3.2 The Differential Amplifier
		9.3.3 Op-amp Parameters
		9.3.4 Op-amp Configuration with Negative Feedback
		9.3.5 Non-inverting Amplifiers
		9.3.6 Inverting Amplifier
		9.3.7 Voltage Follower
		9.3.8 Impedances of Op-amps
		9.3.9 Summary of Op-amp Configurations
	9.4 Basic Op-amp Circuits
		9.4.1 Op-amp as a Summing Amplifier
		9.4.2 Summing Amplifier with Gain Greater than Unity
		9.4.3 Averaging Amplifier
		9.4.4 Op-amp as a Constant Gain Multiplier
		9.4.5 Op-amp as a Subtractor
		9.4.6 The Op-amp Integrator
		9.4.7 The Op-amp Differentiator
		9.4.8 Working of a Differentiator
		9.4.9 Working of an Integrator
		9.4.10 Op-amp as a Comparator
		9.4.11 The Buffer Amplifier or Voltage Follower
		9.4.12 More Applications of Op-amps
	9.5 Review Questions
Chapter 10: Digital Electronics
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Number Systems
		10.2.1 Decimal Number System
		10.2.2 Binary Number System
		10.2.3 Conversion of Binary to Decimal
		10.2.4 Conversion of Decimal to Binary
		10.2.5 Binary Addition
		10.2.6 Binary Subtraction
		10.2.7 Binary Multiplication
	10.3 Octal Number System
	10.4 Hexadecimal Number System
		10.4.1 Application of Binary Numbers in Computers
	10.5 Logic Gates
		10.5.1 NOT Gate
		10.5.2 OR Gate
		10.5.3 AND Gate
		10.5.4 NAND Gate
		10.5.5 NOR Gate
		10.5.6 The EXOR Gate
		10.5.7 EX-NOR Gate
	10.6 Universal Gates
		10.6.1 Realization of Logic Gates Using NAND and NOR Gates
		10.6.2 Realization of Basic Logic Gates Using NOR Gates
	10.7 Boolean Algebra
		10.7.1 Boolean Laws and Boolean Theorems
		10.7.2 De Morgan’s Theorems
		10.7.3 Proof of De Morgan’s Theorem
		10.7.4 Simplification of Boolean Expressions
	10.8 Combinational Logic Circuits and Function Realization Using Logic Gates
	10.9 Converting Logic Statements into Boolean Expressions and Realization of the Network
	10.10 Flip-flops
		10.10.1 RS Flip-flop
		10.10.2 Gated or Clocked RS Flip-flop
		10.10.3 JK Flip-flop
		10.10.4 D Flip-flops
		10.10.5 T Flip-flops (Toggle Flip-flop)
		10.10.6 Master–Slave JK Flip-flop
		10.10.7 Counters and Shift Registers
		10.10.8 Arithmetic Circuits
		10.10.9 Memory Function or Data Storage
		10.10.10 Digital Systems
	10.11 Review Questions
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