Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Preface
	Overview of the Book
	Features of the Book
	Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Dentistry and Oral Health
	1.1 What Is Dentistry?
		1.1.1 Definition of Dentistry
		1.1.2 History of Dentistry
			1.1.2.1 Dentistry in Antiquity
			1.1.2.2 Dentistry in Egyptian History
			1.1.2.3 Dentistry in the Chinese History
			1.1.2.4 The Greeks, Romans, and Etruscans
			1.1.2.5 The Beginnings of a Profession: The Middle Ages
		1.1.3 Technologies in Dentistry: Through Ages
		1.1.4 Specialties in Dentistry
	1.2 Oral Health
		1.2.1 Definition of Oral Health
		1.2.2 Key Facts of Oral Health (WHO) [16]
		1.2.3 Determinants of Oral Health
	1.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Introduction to Dental Anatomy and Nomenclature
	2.1 Formation of the Dentitions (Overview)
	2.2 Nomenclature
	2.3 Tooth Numbering Systems
	2.4 Development and Eruption of Teeth
		2.4.1 Chronology Table of Primary and Permanent Dentition (Tables 2.1 and 2.2)
	2.5 Anatomy of Teeth (Overview)
	2.6 Applications of Technology in Dental Nomenclature and Anatomy
	2.7 Developmental Disturbances of Teeth
		2.7.1 Developmental Disturbances in Size of Teeth
		2.7.2 Developmental Disturbances in Number of Teeth
		2.7.3 Developmental Disturbances in Shape of Teeth
		2.7.4 Developmental Disturbances in Structure of Teeth
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Most Common Oral Health Conditions
	3.1 Prevalence of Oral Disease
	3.2 Most Common Dental Diseases
		3.2.1 Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
		3.2.2 Periodontal (Gum) Disease
		3.2.3 Oral Cancer
		3.2.4 Oral Manifestation of HIV Infection
		3.2.5 Oro-dental Trauma
		3.2.6 Noma (Cancrum Oris)
		3.2.7 Cleft Lip and Palate
	3.3 Overview of Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
		3.3.1 Oral Mucosal Manifestations
	3.4 Global Epidemiological Overview of Oral Diseases
	References
Chapter 4: Oral Health in Global Health
	4.1 What Is Global Health?
	4.2 Oral Health in Global Health
	4.3 Challenges in Global Oral Health
		4.3.1 Oral Health Inequalities
	4.4 Oral Health, General Health, and Quality of Life
	4.5 Ending the Neglect of Global Oral Health: Time for Radical Action
		4.5.1 Key Recommendations for the New WHO Global Strategy for Oral Health [10]
	References
Chapter 5: Advancements in Dentistry
	5.1 Importance of Technological Advancements in Dentistry
	5.2 Technologies That Shape the Future of Dentistry
	References
Chapter 6: Artificial Intelligence and Learning Algorithms
	6.1 Artificial Intelligence
		6.1.1 The Types of Artificial Intelligence
		6.1.2 How Artificial Intelligence (AI) Works?
	6.2 Machine Learning
		6.2.1 Why Machine Learning?
		6.2.2 How Does Machine Learning Work?
		6.2.3 What Factors Should You Consider While Selecting a Machine Learning Model?
		6.2.4 Supervised Learning
		6.2.5 Unsupervised Learning
		6.2.6 Reinforcement Learning
	6.3 Supervised Learning Algorithms
		6.3.1 Classification
		6.3.2 Regression
	6.4 Unsupervised Learning Algorithms
		6.4.1 Clustering
		6.4.2 Association
		6.4.3 Dimensionality Reduction
	6.5 Reinforcement Learning Algorithms
	6.6 Deep Learning
	References
Chapter 7: AI in Oral Health and Oral Imaging
	7.1 Impact of AI on the Global Health: Role of AI in Public Health Dentistry
	7.2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Public Health Dentistry
	7.3 AI in Preventive Dentistry
	7.4 The Applications of AI in the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak
	7.5 Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Nutrition in Preventive Dentistry
	7.6 AI and Prevention of Dental Trauma
	7.7 AI in Periodontal Risk Assessment
	7.8 Artificial Intelligence and Caries Prevention
	7.9 AI in Detection of Early Childhood Caries
	References
Chapter 8: Artificial Intelligence-Based Dental Diseases Through X-Ray Images Using Entropy CNN-Based and Support Fusion Mating
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Related Works
	8.3 Proposed Methodology
		8.3.1 Preprocessing
			8.3.1.1 Convolution Entropy-Based Feature Mapping
				Convolutional Layer
				Entropy-Based Normalization Layer Feature Mapping
				Pooling Layer
				Fully Connected Layer
		8.3.2 Classification of Support Value-Based Fusion Matching Process
	8.4 Result and Discussion
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Index