Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery

Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 Roles of nanoparticles in drug discovery and delivery
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Types of nanoparticles
		1.2.1 Lipid nanoparticles
		1.2.2 Polymer-based nanoparticles
		1.2.3 Inorganic component-based nanoparticles
	1.3 Application of nanoparticles
		1.3.1 Drug release profile
		1.3.2 Gene delivery
		1.3.3 Pulmonary delivery
		1.3.4 Antimicrobial delivery
		1.3.5 Brain targeting
		1.3.6 Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution
		1.3.7 Mucoadhesive delivery
		1.3.8 Skin delivery
		1.3.9 Macrophage uptake
		1.3.10 Nanotheranostics
	1.4 Summary and conclusion
	References
2 Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements for effective delivery
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nutraceuticals
	2.3 Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements
	2.4 Nanoencapsulation techniques for nutraceuticals
		2.4.1 Emulsification technique
		2.4.2 Nanoprecipitation technique
		2.4.3 Coacervation technique
	2.5 Encapsulated nutraceuticals for drug delivery
		2.5.1 Nanoemulsions
		2.5.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
		2.5.3 Magnetic nanoparticles
		2.5.4 Nanoliposomes
		2.5.5 Nanophytosomes
	2.6 Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
3 Nanoformulation of antioxidant supplements
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Nanoformulations methods
		3.2.1 Emulsion solvent evaporation method
		3.2.2 Solvent displacement method
		3.2.3 Supercritical fluid technology
		3.2.4 Template synthesis method
		3.2.5 Chemical precipitation technique
		3.2.6 Nanoprecipitation
	3.3 Nanoformulations for antioxidants
		3.3.1 Natural or plant-derived nanoantioxidants
			3.3.1.1 Nanocurcumin
			3.3.1.2 Nanoepigallocatechin-3-gallate
			3.3.1.3 Nanogenistein
			3.3.1.4 Nanoquercetin
			3.3.1.5 Nanoresveratrol
			3.3.1.6 Nanorosmarinic acid
		3.3.2 Chemical and synthetic nanoantioxidants
			3.3.2.1 Silica nanoparticles
			3.3.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
			3.3.2.3 Silver nanoparticles
			3.3.2.4 Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles
			3.3.2.5 Cerium oxide nanoparticles
			3.3.2.6 Dual nanoantioxidant
			3.3.2.7 Polymeric nanoantioxidant
			3.3.2.8 Metal nanoantioxidants
	3.4 Antioxidants in nanomedicine
		3.4.1 Vitamin C
		3.4.2 Vitamin E
		3.4.3 Beta-carotene
		3.4.4 Selenium
	3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of nanofomulation of antioxidant supplements
	3.6 Future perspective and conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
4 Nanophytomedicines: nature to medicines
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Nanophytomedicines
	4.3 Therapeutic potentials of nanophytomedicine
	4.4 Nanophytomedicines with improved target binding ability
	4.5 Nanophytomedicines and their oral bioavailability
	4.6 Nanophytomedicine with improved safety
	4.7 Toxicity of nanophytomedicine
	4.8 Regulatory aspects and ethical issues associated with nanophytomedicine
	4.9 Challenges encountered in nanophytomedicine
	4.10 Current progress and future prospects
	4.11 Conclusion
	References
5 Characterization of nanoparticles: methods and techniques
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Differential scanning calorimetry
	5.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
	5.4 Scanning electron microscopy
	5.5 Transmission electron microscopy
	5.6 X-Ray diffraction
	5.7 Encapsulation efficiency, drug-loading capacity, and percentage of recovery
	5.8 Topical nanoparticle strategies
	5.9 Drug release studies of nanoparticles
		5.9.1 Drug release study of nanoparticles for oral dosage forms
		5.9.2 Drug release study of nanoparticles for topical dosage forms
	5.10 Solubility of nanoparticles
	5.11 Toxicity effects of nanoparticles
		5.11.1 In vitro toxicity effect
			5.11.1.1 In vivo toxicity effect for topical administration of nanoparticles
			5.11.1.2 In vivo toxicity effects for oral administration of nanoparticles
	5.12 Stability enhancement of nanoparticles
	5.13 Future projection and conclusion
	References
6 Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical products
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Comparison of traditional and nanodrug delivery
		6.2.1 Essentials of drug delivery system
		6.2.2 Conventional versus novel drug delivery system
		6.2.3 Carrier-based drug delivery system
		6.2.4 Nanodrug delivery system as a carrier-based drug delivery system
	6.3 Pharmaceutical products through nanotechnology
		6.3.1 Classification of nanopharmaceutical products
			6.3.1.1 Nanomaterials
			6.3.1.2 Nanodevices
	6.4 Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical processes
		6.4.1 Drug delivery
		6.4.2 Gene therapy
		6.4.3 Medical diagnosis
		6.4.4 Drug discovery
		6.4.5 Other novel applications
	6.5 Challenges in nanotechnology-based drug delivery system
	6.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
7 Advances in nanotechnology for drug discovery and design
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Nanomaterials, nanotechnology, and nanobiotechnology
		7.2.1 Nanomaterials
		7.2.2 Nanotechnology
		7.2.3 Nanobiotechnology
	7.3 Role of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in biomedicine
		7.3.1 Biopolymer nanoparticles
		7.3.2 Protein and polysaccharide nanoparticles
		7.3.3 Liposomes
		7.3.4 Polymeric micelles
		7.3.5 Nanocrystals
		7.3.6 Quantum dots
		7.3.7 Dendrimers
		7.3.8 Metallic nanoparticles
	7.4 Hurdles and challenges
	7.5 Future perspectives
	7.6 Summary and conclusion
	References
	Further reading
8 Nanomedicine for diabetes mellitus management
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Type 1 diabetes mellitus and nanomedicine
	8.3 Type 2 diabetes mellitus and nanomedicine
	8.4 Insulin delivery and nanotechnology
		8.4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
		8.4.2 Ceramic nanoparticles
		8.4.3 Polymeric micelles
		8.4.4 Dendrimers
		8.4.5 Liposomes
		8.4.6 Other nanoparticles
	8.5 Nanopumps
	8.6 Insulin delivery via inhalation
	8.7 Transplanted pancreatic islets nanoencapsulation
	8.8 Biological microelectromechanical systems for insulin delivery
	8.9 Nanotechnology in noninsulin remedy
		8.9.1 Artificial pancreas
		8.9.2 Nanopore immunoisolation tools
		8.9.3 Nanorobotics
	8.10 Nanotechnology applications in the management of diabetes-related complications
		8.10.1 Nanotechnology in diabetic retinopathy
		8.10.2 Nanotechnology in diabetes-induced foot ulcers
		8.10.3 Nanotechnology in other diabetes-associated complications
	8.11 Advantages of using nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus management
	8.12 Limitations in using nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus management
	8.13 Conclusion
	References
9 Nanotechnological application of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Benefits of peptide and protein therapeutics in biomedicine
	9.3 Challenges with peptide- and protein-based therapeutics
	9.4 Excipients used in synthesis of protein and peptide nanoparticles
		9.4.1 Gliadin
		9.4.2 Milk protein
		9.4.3 Legumin
		9.4.4 Elastin
		9.4.5 Albumin
		9.4.6 Gelatin
		9.4.7 Zein
		9.4.8 Soy protein
	9.5 Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of protein-based therapeutics nanomaterials
		9.5.1 Therapeutic application
			9.5.1.1 Ocular disease applications
			9.5.1.2 Application in cancer treatment
			9.5.1.3 Applications of nanoparticles of protein-based therapeutics in treatment of other diseases
		9.5.2 Diagnostic applications
			9.5.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
			9.5.2.2 Carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles
			9.5.2.3 Other diagnostics using protein-based therapeutic nanoparticles
	9.6 Improving stability using protein-based therapeutics nanoparticles
		9.6.1 Physical stability enhancement
		9.6.2 Biological stability improvement
	9.7 Evaluation parameters and formulation techniques for protein/peptide nanoparticles
		9.7.1 Emulsification method
		9.7.2 Desolvation method
		9.7.3 Electrospray method
		9.7.4 Complex coacervation method
	9.8 Biomedical applications of nanoparticles of proteins and peptides
		9.8.1 Routes
			9.8.1.1 Oral route
			9.8.1.2 Blood-brain barrier routes
			9.8.1.3 Nasal route
			9.8.1.4 Pulmonary route
		9.8.2 Antibiotics
		9.8.3 Delivery of nonviral gene
		9.8.4 Immunological adjuvant
		9.8.5 Treatment of diseases
	9.9 Concerns about peptide- and protein-based nanoparticles
	9.10 Future prospects
	9.11 Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
10 Nanodrug delivery systems in cancer therapy
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Currently available conventional cancer therapy
	10.3 Drug delivery systems
	10.4 Drug carriers
		10.4.1 Types of drug carriers
			10.4.1.1 Microspheres
			10.4.1.2 Polymeric micelles
			10.4.1.3 Liposomes
			10.4.1.4 Nanodiamonds
			10.4.1.5 Nanofibers
	10.5 Protein nanoparticles
	10.6 Anticancer nanoparticle drugs
	10.7 Application of nanodrug delivery systems
	10.8 Drawbacks of using nanodrug delivery
	10.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
11 Nanotechnology interventions in neuroscience: current perspectives and strategies
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Nanotechnology in neuroimaging
	11.3 Nanotechnology in neurodiagnostic
	11.4 Nanotechnology in neurological devices
	11.5 Nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions for neural disorders
		11.5.1 Organic nanoparticles
		11.5.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
		11.5.3 Impact of nanomaterials in neuroscience: clinical trials and case studies
			11.5.3.1 APH-1105
			11.5.3.2 CNM-Au8
			11.5.3.3 CNM-Au8 in visionary MS
			11.5.3.4 Patisiran
		11.5.4 Neuropsychiatric drugs
	11.6 Future perspectives
	11.7 Conclusions
	References
12 Nanotechnology application for effective delivery of antimalarial drugs
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Nanotechnology approaches for antimalarial
	12.3 Nano-based drug preparation materials
		12.3.1 Lipid nanoemulsion
		12.3.2 Polymeric micelles
		12.3.3 Lipid-based delivery systems
		12.3.4 Lipid nanoparticles
		12.3.5 Liposomes
	12.4 Nano-based drug delivery for malarial treatment
	12.5 Nanocarriers for antimalarial drug
		12.5.1 Mesoporous silica as a nanocarrier for antimalarial drugs
		12.5.2 Liposomes as a nanocarrier for antimalarial drugs
		12.5.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles
		12.5.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers
		12.5.5 Microemulsions and nanoemulsions
		12.5.6 Polymeric nanoparticles
	12.6 Nanocapsules
	12.7 Challenges of nanotechnology for antimalarial drugs
	12.8 Conclusion and future prospects
	Abbreviations
	References
13 Applications of nanotechnology in lung cancer
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Classification of nanoparticles
	13.3 Relationship between nanoparticles and drug delivery
	13.4 Lung cancer
	13.5 Nanotechnology application in targeting lung cancer
		13.5.1 Passive targeting
		13.5.2 Active targeting
	13.6 Advantages of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery
	13.7 Disadvantages of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
14 Toxicity of nanomaterials in drug delivery
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Applications of nanomaterials in drug delivery: a brief overview
	14.3 Cellular uptake and metabolomics of nanomaterials in a biological system
	14.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials in biological systems: potential exposure routes
		14.4.1 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the nervous system
		14.4.2 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the liver
		14.4.3 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the pulmonary system
		14.4.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the kidney
		14.4.5 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the integumentary system
	14.5 Potential mechanisms of nanomaterials toxicity in biological systems
		14.5.1 Generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress
		14.5.2 Inflammation
		14.5.3 DNA damage
	14.6 Future perspective and conclusion
	References
15 In vitro and in vivo toxicity of metal nanoparticles and their drug delivery applications
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Metal nanoparticles
		15.2.1 Gold nanoparticles
		15.2.2 Silver nanoparticles
		15.2.3 Copper nanoparticles
		15.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles
		15.2.5 Novel metal nanoparticles
	15.3 In vitro toxic analysis of metal nanoparticles
		15.3.1 Gold and silver nanoparticles
		15.3.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles
		15.3.3 Novel metal nanoparticles
	15.4 In vivo toxic analysis of metal nanoparticles
		15.4.1 Mouse models
		15.4.2 Zebrafish
		15.4.3 Drosophila
		15.4.4 Other animal models
	15.5 Drug delivery applications of metal nanoparticles
		15.5.1 Cancer treatment
		15.5.2 Diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases
		15.5.3 Other diseases
	15.6 Future perspective
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
Index