Alternative Healing in American History: an Encyclopedia From Acupuncture To Yoga

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Alphabetical List of Entries
Introduction
	Outlines of Current Use
	Development of Alternative Medicine
	Intercultural Sources
	Mental Health
Pre-1900
	Introduction
		Medical Mélange
		Doctors’ Progress
		Other Traditions
	Bloodletting and Leeching
		Traditional Practice
		Barbers and Business
		Modern Bloodletting
		Leeches and Severed Limbs
	Chinese Traditional Medicine
		Astrology and the Body
		Alchemy and Yin-Yang
		Medicine
		Five Elements
		Tai Chi, Qigong, and Feng Shui
	Folk Medicine
		Thoroughly Unmodern Medicine
		Regional Specialties
	Homeopathy
		History and Theory
		Subsequent Developments
		Back in the United States
	Hydrotherapy
		The People’s Panacea
		Hydrotherapy, Holism, and Health
	Hysteria
		History of Hysteria
		Postmodern Developments
	Medicine Shows
		Itinerate Showmanship
		Signs of Decline
	Mesmerism and Hypnotherapy
		Mesmer and Mesmerism
		Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy
	Moral Treatment
		Benjamin Rush
		Philippe Pinel and William Tuke
		Dorothea Dix
		Change and Demise
	Native American Traditional Medicine
		Herbals, History, and Healing
		New World, New Age
	Neurasthenia, or Nervous Exhaustion
		“Neurasthenia Americana”
		From “Nerves” to Stress, Anxiety, and Fatigue
	Patent Medicines
		The Trade in Medical Nostrums
		The Marquee Comes Down
	Phrenology
		The Furor over Phrenology
		Fowl Play
		Feels Like Folly
	Purgatives and Emetics
		Use in Connection with the Four Humors
		Use Relating to Early Germ Theory
		Use by Modern Medicine
	Sanatoriums
		Historical Background
		The Rise and Fall of the Sanatorium
	Sanitation Campaigns and Public Health
		Historical Precursors
		The Emergence of Public Health
	Spas and Mineral Waters
		History
		Treatments
	Spiritualism
		The Living and the Dead
		Sittings and Séances
	Witch Trials and Exorcisms
		Witches of the World
		Possession and Exorcism
1900–1950s
	Introduction
		Battle Lines
		Mind versus Body
	Anthroposophic Medicine
		Steiner and Spiritual Science
		Basics of Anthroposophic Medicine
		Anthroposophic Therapies
	Anxiety and Its Treatment
		Types of Anxiety Disorders
		The Age of Anxiety
	Art and Music Therapy
		Expressive Interventions
		Historical Dimensions
	Behavioral Theories and Therapies
		Key Concepts
		Conditioning and Behaviorism
		Therapeutic Techniques
		Strengths and Limitations of Behavioral Therapies
	Chiropractic
		The “Discoverer” and His Discovery
		Conflict and Evolution
	Client-Centered Therapy
		Founding Figure
		Precepts and Progression
		Current Status
	Depression and Its Treatment
		Symptoms of Depression
		Risk Factors and Causes
		Treatment
	Dianetics
		Teachings and Expansion
		Criticism and Reaction
	Diet and Exercise
		Diet Plans
		Fitness
	Dream Interpretation
		Freud and Jung
		Other Theories
	Electroconvulsive Therapy
		Emergence of ECT
		ECT in the United States
		Decline of ECT
		Recent Changes and Critiques
		Conclusion
	Faith Healing and Prayer
		Early Expressions
		Later Variations
		Skepticism
	Gestalt Therapy
		Emergence and Development
		Therapeutic Aspects
		Fate
	Jung and Jungian Analysis
		The Life of Jung
		Jung’s Thought
		Jungian Therapy
	Lobotomy and Other “Psychosurgeries”
		Modern Methods?
		Legacy and Prospects
	Mental Hospitals
		Early Development
		Patient Wakeup
		Grooming
		Medications and Meals
		Work
		Self-Sufficiency
		Treatment
		Deinstitutionalization
	Orgone Therapy
		Character, Tension, and Release
		From Orgone to the Organic
	Osteopathy
		History
		The Osteopathic Difference
	Psychoanalysis
		History and Development
		Psychoanalytic Treatment and Later Variants
		Postwar Turn and Decline
	Sex, Sexology, and Sex Therapy
		Modern Times
		Sex Therapy
	12-Step Programs
		History of Treatment for Alcoholism
		The Rise of AA
		Do 12-Step Programs Work?
1960s–1970s
	Introduction
		The Mainstream
		Counterweight
		Rebirth
	Acupuncture
		Origins and Philosophy
		Western Practice
		Modern Understanding
	Alternative Diagnostics
		Homeopathy
		Reiki
		Biofeedback
		Applied Kinesiology
		In Sum
	Aromatherapy and Essential Oils
		Background
		Claims and Cautions
	Astrology
		History and Method
		Medicinal and Predictive Aspects
	Ayurvedic Medicine
		Historical Development
		Classical Applications
		Influence
	Biofeedback
		Learning to Learn
		Learning and Gaming
	Craniosacral Therapy
		Origins and Modern Practice
		Beyond the Body
	Dance Therapy
		Dance Therapy
	Encounter Groups
		Encounters with Esalen
		Roots and Remnants
	Est and Other “Human Potential” Therapies
		Therapy in Public
		Controversy
	Existential Psychotherapy
		From Philosophy to Psychology
	Feldenkrais Method
		Philosophy and Development
		The Method in Action
		Does It Work?
	Herbal Remedies
		Herbalism across Time
		Modern Herbalists
		Essential Oils
		Celebrity Interest
	Macrobiotics
		History
		Macrobiotic Diet and Lifestyle
	Magnet Therapy
		Magnetism in the Flux of History
		Magnetism’s Virtues and Vices
	Meditation and Mindfulness
		Historic Varieties
		Transcendental Meditation and After
	Milieu Therapy and Therapeutic Community
		A Brief History of Therapeutic Community in the United States
		Contemporary Therapeutic Community
		Looking Ahead
	Primal Therapy and Feeling Therapy
		Primal Therapy
		Feeling Therapy
	Reflexology
		Ancient, Modern, or Mix?
		Noted Users and Uses
	Rolfing
		Ida P. Rolf
		Structural Integration
	Vegetarianism
		Varieties of Vegetarianism
		Becoming Vegetarian
		Health Benefits
		Modern Vegetarians
	Voodoo and Santería
		Voodoo
		Santería
	Yoga
		History and Development
		Health Benefits of Yoga
1980s–2000
	Introduction
	Aging Prevention, or “Successful Aging”
		Senior Living
		Looking for Solutions
	Anger and Anger Management
		What Is Anger?
		Anger and Aggression
		Dysfunctional Anger
		What Causes Dysfunctional Anger?
		Treatments for Anger and Aggression
	Antioxidants
		Boosting Antioxidant Intake
	Codependency Counseling
		What Is Codependency?
		Codependency Counseling
	Crystals
		Crystal Basics
		Crystal Healing
	Detox Diets
		Why Detox?
		What Does a Detox Diet Involve?
		Do Detox Diets Work?
		Can Detox Diets Be Harmful?
		Other Types of Detox
	Diet Pills and Metabolism Boosters
		The Body and Dieting in History
		Medications and Supplements
		Risks and Benefits
	Guided Imagery, or Visualization
		Imagery in Time
		Types of Visual Healing
	Health and Wellness Gurus
		What Is a Guru?
		Celebrity Extravaganza
		Outlook
	Infomercials and Wellness Promotion
		From Information to Health and Wellness
	Juice and Juicing
		What’s in Your Juice?
		Popular Drinks?
		The Juice-Cleanse Tie
		Juice: Yea or Nay?
	Mind–Body Medicine
		Background
		Eastern Principles
	Naturopathic Medicine
		Historical Background
	Past Life Regression Therapy
		Past Life Therapy
		Popular Portrayals
	Recovered Memory Therapy, “Split Personality,” and Satanism
		Deep Memory
		Multiple Personality Goes to the Movies
		From MPD to “Satanic Ritual Abuse”
	Recovery Movement
		History and Philosophy
		Outcomes
		Conclusion
	Reiki and Therapeutic Touch
		Therapeutic Touch
	Self-Help
		Self-Help Methods
		Self-Help Benefits, Drawbacks, and Points to Consider
	Shamanism and Neo-Shamanism
		Healing Magic
		The New Shamanism
	Shiatsu
		Roots and Range of Approaches
		Shiatsu vs. Acupressure
	Stress and Stress Management
		Variable Responses to Stressors
		Culture, Society, and Stress
		Addressing Stress
	Sweat Lodges and Saunas
		Sweat Lodges
		Saunas
	Tai Chi and Qigong
		Tai Chi
		Qigong
	Vitamins and Minerals
		Vitamins
		Minerals
	Walking and Jogging
		From Competitive Sport to Exercise
		Walking and Health
		Exercise Options
2000–Present
	Introduction
	Bottled Water
		History
		Definitions of Types
		Bottled Water Issues
	Breathwork
		Historical Roots
		Breathwork in Therapy
		Breathwork and the Stars
	Cupping
		History of Cupping
		How Does Cupping Work?
		Types of Cupping
		Modern Resurgence of Cupping
	Deep Brain Stimulation
		Brain Trials . . . and Tribulations
		From Brain to Mind
	Drama Therapy
		Drama
		Psychodrama
		Drama Therapy
		Principles and Techniques of Drama Therapy
		Clients
	Eating Organic
		History of the Organic Farming Movement
		Mainstreaming Organic
		Current Organic Farming in the United States
		Qualities of Organic Food
	Fat and Obesity Surgery—and Other Weight-Loss Methods
		Live Tapeworms
		Arsenic
		The Great Masticator
		Cigarette Smoking
		Sauna Pants
		Creams and Soaps
		Weight-Reducing Girdles
	Narrative Therapy and Writing Therapy
		What Is Writing Therapy?
		What about Narrative Therapy?
		How Are the Two Therapies Related?
	Neurodiversity
		Origins and Development of the Concept
		Accommodations, Services, and Infrastructures
		Stakeholders
		Conclusion
	Paleo Diet
		Specifics of the Paleo Diet
	Pet Therapy
		History of Development
		Terminology and Techniques
		Benefits and Questions
	Psychedelic Drugs
		Psychedelic Therapy
About the Author and Contributors
	Author
	Contributors
Index