Alloying: Understanding the Basics (06117G)

Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 9
Introduction......Page 12
Alloying for Mechanical Properties......Page 14
Alloying for Service Properties......Page 19
Alloying for Processing Properties......Page 21
Alloying for Physical Properties......Page 23
Effect of Properties on Alloying......Page 25
Alloying Techniques......Page 26
Surface Alloying......Page 27
Cast Irons......Page 30
Introduction and Overview......Page 32
Composition Control......Page 34
Alloying Practices......Page 38
Effects of Alloying on Properties......Page 41
Effects of Inoculation on Properties......Page 43
Effects of Alloying on Elevated-Temperature Properties......Page 45
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Behavior......Page 58
Effects of Alloying on Annealing......Page 61
Effects of Alloying on Normalizing......Page 63
Effects of Alloying on Flame Hardening......Page 64
Effects of Alloying on Stress Relieving......Page 65
High-Silicon Gray Irons for High-Temperature Service......Page 66
High-Silicon Gray Irons for Corrosion Resistance......Page 68
Austenitic Nickel-Alloyed Gray Irons......Page 70
Introduction and Overview......Page 73
Composition Control and Effects of Alloying Elements......Page 79
Effects of Inoculation on Properties......Page 84
Effects of Alloying on Hardenability......Page 85
Effects of Alloying on Normalizing......Page 86
Effects of Alloying on Austempering......Page 91
Austenitic Nickel-Alloyed Ductile Irons......Page 92
High-Silicon Ductile Irons......Page 97
Introduction and Overview......Page 102
Composition Requirements and Control......Page 104
Effects of Alloying on Properties......Page 107
Introduction and Overview......Page 111
Effects of Alloying Elements......Page 112
Introduction and Overview......Page 118
Effects of Alloying Elements and Inoculants......Page 121
Carbon and Alloy Steels......Page 132
Introduction and Overview......Page 134
Effects of Alloying and Residual Elements......Page 145
Effects of Carbon Content and Alloying on Hardenability......Page 154
Effects of Alloying on Notch Toughness......Page 161
Effects of Alloying on Fatigue Resistance......Page 170
Alloying for High-Temperature Service......Page 173
Effects of Alloying on Temper Embrittlement......Page 175
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Behavior......Page 180
Effects of Alloying on Wear Behavior......Page 187
Effects of Alloying on Formability......Page 189
Effects of Alloying on Forgeability......Page 191
Effects of Alloying on Weldability......Page 192
Effects of Alloying on Machinability......Page 196
Introduction and Overview......Page 204
Effects of Microalloying Additions......Page 208
Effects of Microalloying on Processing Characteristics......Page 217
Introduction and Overview......Page 221
Wrought High-Speed Tool Steels......Page 224
Wrought Hot-Worked Tool Steels......Page 230
Wrought Cold-Work Tool Steels......Page 231
Effects of Alloying on the Characteristics of Other Non-Machining Wrought Tool Steel Grades......Page 233
P/M High-Speed Tool Steels......Page 234
P/M Cold-Work Tool Steels......Page 238
P/M Wear/Corrosion-Resistant Tool Steels......Page 241
Introduction and Overview......Page 245
Commercial Alloys......Page 246
Effects of Alloying Elements on Physical Metallurgy......Page 247
Effects of Alloying on Properties......Page 249
Effects of Alloying on Processing......Page 251
Introduction and Overview......Page 253
Composition Requirements and Control......Page 254
Effects of Alloying Elements......Page 259
Alloying Elements for Unique Applications......Page 262
Special Grades of Manganese Steels......Page 263
Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys......Page 266
Introduction and Overview......Page 268
Families of Stainless Steels......Page 270
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Behavior......Page 279
Effects of Alloying on Oxidation Resistance......Page 297
Introduction and Overview......Page 301
Phases, Structures, and Alloying Elements Associated with Superalloys......Page 304
Superalloy Systems......Page 305
Properties and Microstructure......Page 309
Mechanical Alloying......Page 314
Effects of Alloying Elements and Intermetallic Phases on Welding......Page 316
Introduction and Overview......Page 319
Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys......Page 320
Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys......Page 324
Niobium and Niobium Alloys......Page 331
Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys......Page 335
Rhenium and Rhenium-Bearing Alloys......Page 344
Introduction and Overview......Page 348
Nickel Aluminides......Page 350
Iron Aluminides......Page 353
Titanium Aluminides......Page 355
Light Metals and Alloys......Page 360
Introduction and Overview......Page 362
Wrought Alloy Classes......Page 368
Cast Alloy Classes......Page 375
Alloying and Second-Phase Constituents......Page 377
Effects of Specific Alloying Elements and Impurities......Page 381
Alloying Effects on Phase Formation......Page 398
Grain Refiners......Page 401
Alloying Elements that Modify and Refine Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloys......Page 403
Use of Phosphorus to Refine Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloys......Page 408
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Behavior......Page 409
Effects of Alloying on Wear Behavior......Page 415
Effects of Alloying on Processing......Page 418
Introduction and Overview......Page 428
Physical Metallurgy......Page 429
Effects of Alloy Elements......Page 430
Alloy Systems and Their Processing Characteristics......Page 432
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Behavior......Page 435
Effects of Alloying on Resistance to Stress-Corrosion Cracking......Page 438
Introduction and Overview......Page 443
Commercial Alloy Systems......Page 446
Alloying Practices......Page 448
Effects of Alloying Elements on Properties and Processing......Page 449
Effects of Alloying on Properties of Specific Die Casting Alloys......Page 451
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Behavior......Page 453
Effects of Alloying on Stress-Corrosion Cracking Behavior......Page 457
Alloying Effects on Physical Properties......Page 461
Effects of Alloying on Processing......Page 462
Other Nonferrous Alloys......Page 466
Introduction and Overview......Page 468
Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Families......Page 470
Copper Casting Alloy Families......Page 479
Effects of Impurities or Alloying on Electrical Conductivity......Page 488
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Resistance......Page 490
Effects of Alloying on SCC Resistance......Page 494
Effects of Alloying on Weldability......Page 497
Effects of Alloying on Brazeability and Solderability......Page 499
Effects of Alloying on Machinability......Page 500
Effects of Alloying on Workability and Castability......Page 503
Introduction and Overview......Page 506
Categories of Nickel and Nickel Alloys......Page 507
The Nickel and Nickel Alloy Family......Page 508
Effects of Alloying on Corrosion Resistance......Page 518
Effects of Alloying and Intermetallic Phases on Processing......Page 524
Introduction and Overview......Page 531
Zinc Casting Alloys......Page 532
Wrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys......Page 536
Introduction and Overview......Page 539
Alloying Elements in Lead......Page 540
Tin-Lead Solders......Page 545
Tin-Base Bearing Alloys......Page 549
Introduction and Overview......Page 551
Cobalt-Base Wear Resistant Alloys......Page 554
Cobalt-Base Heat Resistant Alloys......Page 557
Cobalt-Base Corrosion Resistant Alloys......Page 559
Silver and Silver Alloys......Page 561
Gold and Gold Alloys......Page 566
Platinum-Group Metals......Page 568
Special Purpose Alloys......Page 582
Introduction and Overview......Page 584
Cemented Carbides for Machining Applications......Page 585
Cemented Carbides for Nonmachining Applications......Page 588
Influence of Composition, Grain Size, and Binder Content on the Properties of Cemented Carbides......Page 589
Cermets for Machining Applications......Page 593
Steel-Bonded Carbides......Page 595
Iron-Nickel (Invar) Alloys......Page 598
Iron-Nickel Alloys Other Than Invar......Page 602
Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys......Page 603
Iron-Nickel-Cobalt Alloys......Page 604
Special Alloys......Page 605
Introduction and Overview......Page 607
Silver Contact Alloys......Page 608
Copper Contact Alloys......Page 611
Gold Contact Alloys......Page 612
Platinum and Palladium Contact Alloys......Page 614
Composite Materials......Page 619
Magnetically Soft Metals and Alloys......Page 625
Permanent Magnet Alloys......Page 638
A......Page 644
C......Page 645
E......Page 648
I......Page 649
M......Page 650
N......Page 652
P......Page 653
S......Page 654
T......Page 656
W......Page 657
Z......Page 658