Transportation Systems Reliability and Safety

 Content: Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction --
 1.1. Background --
 1.2. Transportation Systems Reliability and Safety Facts, Figures, and Examples --
 1.3. Terms and Definitions --
 1.4. Useful Sources for Obtaining Information on Transportation Systems Reliability and Safety --
 1.4.1. Organizations --
 1.4.2. Data Sources --
 1.4.3. Standards --
 1.4.4. Journals --
 1.4.5. Conference Proceedings --
 1.4.6. Books --
 1.5. Scope of the Book --
 References --
 2. Reliability and Safety Mathematics --
 2.1. Introduction --
 2.2. Arithmetic Mean, Mean Deviation, and Standard Deviation --
 2.2.1. Arithmetic Mean --
 2.2.2. Mean Deviation --
 2.2.3. Standard Deviation --
 2.3. Boolean Algebra Laws --
 2.4. Probability Definition and Properties --
 2.5. Useful Definitions --
 2.5.1. Cumulative Distribution Function --
 2.5.2. Probability Density Function --
 2.5.3. Expected Value --
 2.5.4. Variance --
 2.5.5. Laplace Transform --
 2.5.6. Laplace Transform: Final-Value Theorem 2.6. Probability Distributions --
 2.6.1. Binomial Distribution --
 2.6.2. Exponential Distribution --
 2.6.3. Rayleigh Distribution --
 2.6.4. Weibull Distribution --
 2.6.5. Normal Distribution --
 2.6.6. General Distribution --
 2.7. Solving First-Order Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms --
 References --
 3. Reliability and Safety Basics --
 3.1. Introduction --
 3.2. Bathtub Hazard Rate Curve --
 3.3. General Reliability-Related Formulas --
 3.3.1. Failure (or Probability) Density Function --
 3.3.2. Hazard Rate Function --
 3.3.3. General Reliability Function --
 3.3.4. Mean Time to Failure --
 3.4. Reliability Networks --
 3.4.1. Series Network --
 3.4.2. Parallel Network --
 3.4.3. k-out-of-m Network --
 3.4.4. Standby System --
 3.4.5. Bridge Network --
 3.5. Occupational Stressors and Reasons for Occurrence of Human Error --
 3.6. Human Error Consequences and Classifications --
 3.7. Safety and Engineers --
 3.8. Product Hazard Categories, Common Mechanical Injuries, and Common Causes of Work Injuries --
 3.9. Accident Causation Theories 3.9.1. Domino Accident Causation Theory --
 3.9.2. Human Factors Accident Causation Theory --
 References --
 4. Methods for Performing Transportation System Reliability and Safety Analysis --
 4.1. Introduction --
 4.2. Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) --
 4.2.1. Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) --
 4.3. Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) --
 4.3.1. Probability Evaluation of Fault Trees --
 4.3.2. Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) Benefits and Drawbacks --
 4.4. Markov Method --
 4.5. Hazards and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) --
 4.6. Interface Safety Analysis --
 4.7. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) --
 4.8. Job Safety Analysis --
 4.9. Technique of Operations Review (TOR) --
 References --
 5. Transportation System Failures --
 5.1. Introduction --
 5.2. Mechanical Failure-Related Aviation Accidents --
 5.3. Vehicle Failure Classifications and Defects in Vehicle Parts --
 5.4. Rail Defects and Weld Failures --
 5.5. Mechanical Failure-Related Delays in Commuter Rail Service --
 5.6. Rail and Road Tanker Failure Modes and Failure Consequences 5.7. Ship Failures and Their Causes --
 5.8. Failures in Marine Environments and Microanalysis Techniques for Failure Investigation --
 5.8.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry --
 5.8.2. Thermamechanical Analysis --
 5.8.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy --
 5.8.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis --
 5.9. Submarine Ship --
 Control System Performance Monitoring and Fault Localization Process and Benefits --
 References --
 6. Transportation System Reliability Modeling --
 6.1. Introduction --
 6.2. Model I --
 6.3. Model II --
 6.4. Model III --
 6.5. Model IV --
 6.6. Model V --
 6.7. Model VI --
 6.8. Model VII --
 6.9. Model VIII --
 6.10. Model IX --
 6.11. Model X --
 6.12. Model XI --
 References --
 7. Rail Safety --
 7.1. Introduction --
 7.2. Causes of Railway-Related Accidents and Incidents, and Examples of the Causes of Specific Rail Accidents --
 7.3. General Classifications of Rail Accidents by Effects and Causes --
 7.4. Rail Derailment Accidents and Incidents and Their Causes --
 7.5. Telescoping-Related Railway Accidents 7.6. Railway Accidents in Selected Countries --
 7.6.1. United Kingdom --
 7.6.2. Ireland --
 7.6.3. New Zealand --
 7.6.4. Australia --
 7.7. Railroad Tank Car Safety --
 7.8. Light-Rail Transit-System Safety-Related Issues --
 7.9. Methods for Performing Rail Safety Analysis --
 7.9.1. Fault-Tree Analysis --
 References --
 8. Truck and Bus Safety --
 8.1. Introduction --
 8.2. Top Truck and Bus Safety Issues --
 8.3. Truck Safety-Related Facts and Figures --
 8.4. Commonly Cited Truck Safety-Related Problems, Factors Associated with Heavy-Vehicle Accidents, and Safety Culture in the Trucking Industry --
 8.5. Safety-Related Truck Inspection Tips, Safety-Related Tips for Truck Drivers, and Recommendations for Improving Truck Safety --
 8.6. Bus and Coach Occupant Fatalities and Serious Injuries --
 8.7. Transit Bus Safety and Key Design-Related Safety Feature Areas --
 8.8. Vehicle Safety Data Sources --
 8.8.1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration --
 8.8.2. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) --
 8.8.3. Federal Highway Administration 8.8.4. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) --
 8.8.5. Insurance Industry --
 8.9. Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Accidents in Selected Countries --
 References --
 9. Airline and Ship Safety --
 9.1. Introduction --
 9.2. United States Airline-Related Fatalities and Accident Rate --
 9.3. Aircraft Accidents during Flight Phases and Causes of Airplane Crashes --
 9.4. Worldwide Airline Accident Analysis --
 9.5. Air Safety-Related Regulatory Bodies and Their Responsibilities --
 9.5.1. Federal Aviation Administration Responsibilities --
 9.5.2. National Transportation Safety Board Responsibilities --
 9.6. Aviation Recording and Reporting Systems --
 9.6.1. Accident Incident Data System (AIDS) --
 9.6.2. Aviation Safety Analysis System --
 9.6.3. Air Transportation Oversight System (ATOS) --
 9.6.4. Accident/Incident Reporting System --
 9.6.5. Aviation Safety Reporting System --
 9.6.6. ICAO ADREP System --
 9.7. Noteworthy Marine Accidents --
 9.7.1. Estonia Accident --
 9.7.2. Derbyshire Accident --
 9.7.3. Prestige Accident 9.7.4. Herald of Free Enterprise Accident --
 9.8. Ship Safety Assessment --
 9.9. Ship Port-Related Hazards --
 9.10. Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) --
 References --
 10. Human Error in Rail and Road Transportation Systems --
 10.1. Introduction --
 10.2. Railway System Human Error-Related Facts, Figures, and Examples --
 10.3. Railway Operation-Related Typical Human Error Occurrence Areas --
 10.3.1. Train Speed --
 10.3.2. Signal Passing --
 10.3.3. Dispatching or Signaling --
 10.4. Railway Personnel Error-Prone Tasks and Error-Contributing Factors in Railway Operations --
 10.5. Checklist of Statements to Reduce Human Error in Railway Operations --
 10.6. Road Transportation Systems Human Error-Related Facts and Figures --
 10.7. Driver Error Classifications, Common Driver Errors, and Driver Error Ranking --
 10.8. Operational Influences on the Performance of Commercial Drivers --
 10.9. Bus Accidents and Bus Accident-Related Driver Errors in Selected Developing Countries --
 References --
 11. Human Error in Aviation and Sea Transportation Systems 11.1. Introduction --
 11.2. Aviation Transportation Systems --
 11.2.1. Human Error in Aviation: Facts, Figures, and Examples --
 11.2.2. Organizational Factors Related to Pilot Error in Commercial Aviation Accidents --
 11.2.3. Flight-Crew Decision Error Contributory Factors --
 11.2.4. Types of Pilot --
 Controller Communication Errors and Recommendations for Reducing Pilot --
 Controller Communication Errors --
 11.3. Sea Transportation Systems --
 11.3.1. Human Error in Marine Shipping: Facts, Figures, and Examples --
 11.3.2. Human Factors-Related Issues Facing the Marine Industrial Sector --
 11.3.3. Impact of Reduced Manning on Shipping System Reliability and Approaches for Increasing Reliability --
 11.3.4. Methods for Performing Risk Analysis in Marine Systems --
 References.
 Abstract:             \'\'During day-to-day use, thousands of lives are lost each year due to accidents, directly or indirectly, resulting from poor transportation system reliability and safety. In the United States, automobile accidents alone result in around 42,000 deaths per year, costing billions of dollars to the economy each year. A common subject in journal articles and conference proceedings, most of the recent research on transportation systems reliability and safety is scattered in different resources. Until now.Drawing together the latest research spread throughout the literature, Transportation Systems Reliability and Safety eliminates the need to consult many different and diverse sources to obtain up-to-date information and research. It contains a chapter on mathematical concepts and another chapter on reliability and safety basics that form a foundation for understanding the contents of subsequent chapters. The book also presents a chapter devoted to methods for performing transportation system reliability and safety analysis. It includes a reference section at the end of each chapter for readers who wish to delve deeper into a specific area. The author clearly and concisely covers topics in such a manner that readers require no previous knowledge to understand the concepts. He provides examples and their solutions as well as numerous problems at the end of each chapter to test reader comprehension. The presentation of historical information paired with recent research give readers a foundation for understanding where the field is now and snapshot of where it may be going\'\'