Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines

Cover
Halftitle Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Author
Section I Aero Engines and Gas Turbines
	1. History and Classifications of Aeroengines
		1.1 Pre–Jet Engine History
			1.1.1 Early Activities in Egypt and China
			1.1.2 Leonardo da Vinci
			1.1.3 Branca’s Stamping Mill
			1.1.4 Newton’s Steam Wagon
			1.1.5 Barber’s Gas Turbine
			1.1.6 Miscellaneous Aero-Vehicle’s Activities in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
			1.1.7 Wright Brothers
			1.1.8 Significant Events up to the 1940s
				1.1.8.1 Aero-Vehicle Activities
				1.1.8.2 Reciprocating Engines
		1.2 Jet Engines
			1.2.1 Jet Engines Inventors: Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle
				1.2.1.1 Sir Frank Whittle (1907–1996)
				1.2.1.2 Dr. Hans von Ohain (1911–1998)
			1.2.2 Turbojet Engines
			1.2.3 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines
			1.2.4 Turbofan Engines
			1.2.5 Propfan Engine
			1.2.6 Pulsejet, Ramjet, and Scramjet Engines
				1.2.6.1 Pulsejet Engine
				1.2.6.2 Ramjet and Scramjet Engines
			1.2.7 Industrial Gas Turbine Engines
		1.3 Classifications of Aerospace Engines
		1.4 Classification of Jet Engines
			1.4.1 Ramjet
			1.4.2 Pulsejet
			1.4.3 Scramjet
			1.4.4 Turboramjet
			1.4.5 Turborocket
		1.5 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines
			1.5.1 Turbojet Engines
			1.5.2 Turboprop
			1.5.3 Turboshaft
			1.5.4 Turbofan Engines
			1.5.5 Propfan Engines
			1.5.6 Advanced Ducted Fan
		1.6 Industrial Gas Turbines
		1.7 Non-Airbreathing Engines
		1.8 The Future of Aircraft and Powerplant Industries
			1.8.1 Closure
		Problems
		References
	2. Performance Parameters of Jet Engines
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Thrust Force
		2.3 Factors Affecting Thrust
			2.3.1 Jet Nozzle
			2.3.2 Airspeed
			2.3.3 Mass Airflow
			2.3.4 Altitude
			2.3.5 Ram Effect
		2.4 Engine Performance Parameters
			2.4.1 Propulsive Efficiency
			2.4.2 Thermal Efficiency
				2.4.2.1 Ramjet, Scramjet, Turbojet, and Turbofan Engines
				2.4.2.2 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines
			2.4.3 Propeller Efficiency
			2.4.4 Overall Efficiency
			2.4.5 Takeoff Thrust
			2.4.6 Specific Fuel Consumption
				2.4.6.1 Ramjet, Turbojet, and Turbofan Engines
				2.4.6.2 Turboprop Engines
			2.4.7 Aircraft Range
			2.4.8 Range Factor
			2.4.9 Endurance Factor
			2.4.10 Specific Impulse
			2.4.11 Mission Segment Weight Fraction
			2.4.12 Route Planning
				2.4.12.1 Point of No Return
				2.4.12.2 Critical Point
		Problems
		References
	3. Pulsejet and Ramjet Engines
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Pulsejet Engines
			3.2.1 Introduction
			3.2.2 Valved Pulsejet
			3.2.3 Valveless Pulsejet
			3.2.4 Pulsating Nature of Flow Parameters in Pulsejet Engines
			3.2.5 Pulse Detonation Engine
		3.3 Ramjet Engines
			3.3.1 Introduction
			3.3.2 Classifications of Ramjet Engines
				3.3.2.1 Subsonic–Supersonic Types
				3.3.2.2 Fixed Geometry–Variable Geometry Types
				3.3.2.3 Liquid-Fueled and Solid-Fueled Types
			3.3.3 Ideal Ramjet
				3.3.3.1 Real Cycle
		3.4 Case Study
		3.5 Nuclear Ramjet
		3.6 Double-Throat Ramjet Engine
		3.7 Solid-Fueled Ramjet Engine
		3.8 Summary and Governing Equations for Shock Waves and Isentropic Flow
			3.8.1 Summary
			3.8.2 Normal Shock Wave Relations
			3.8.3 Oblique Shock Wave Relations
			3.8.4 Rayleigh Flow Equations
			3.8.5 Isentropic Relation
		Problems
		References
	4. Turbojet Engine
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Single Spool
			4.2.1 Examples of Engines
			4.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
			4.2.3 Ideal Case
			4.2.4 Actual Case
				4.2.4.1 General Description
				4.2.4.2 Governing Equations
			4.2.5 Comparison between Operative and Inoperative Afterburner
		4.3 Two-Spool Engine
			4.3.1 Non-Afterburning Engine
				4.3.1.1 Example of Engines
				4.3.1.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
			4.3.2 Afterburning Engine
				4.3.2.1 Examples for Two-Spool Afterburning Turbojet Engines
				4.3.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
		4.4 Statistical Analysis
		4.5 Thrust Augmentation
			4.5.1 Water Injection
			4.5.2 Afterburning
			4.5.3 Pressure Loss in an Afterburning Engine
		4.6 Supersonic Turbojet
		4.7 Optimization of the Turbojet Cycle
		4.8 Micro Turbojet
		Problems
		References
	5. Turbofan Engines
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Forward Fan Unmixed Single-Spool Configuration
		5.3 Forward Fan Unmixed Two-Spool Engines
			5.3.1 The Fan and Low-Pressure Compressor (LPC) on One Shaft
			5.3.2 Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by the HPT
			5.3.3 A Geared Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by the HPT
				5.3.3.1 Examples for This Configuration
		5.4 Forward Fan Unmixed Three-Spool Engine
			5.4.1 Examples for Three-Spool Engines
		5.5 Forward Fan Mixed-Flow Engine
			5.5.1 Mixed-Flow Two-Spool Engine
		5.6 Mixed Turbofan with Afterburner
			5.6.1 Introduction
			5.6.2 Ideal Cycle
			5.6.3 Real Cycle
		5.7 Aft-Fan
		5.8 VTOL and STOL (V/STOL)
			5.8.1 Swiveling Nozzles
			5.8.2 Switch-in Deflector System
				5.8.2.1 Cruise
				5.8.2.2 Takeoff or Lift Thrust
		5.9 Performance Analysis
		5.10 Geared Turbofan Engines
		5.11 Summary
		Problems
		References
	6. Shaft Engines: Internal Combustion, Turboprop, Turboshaft, and Propfan Engines
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Internal Combustion Engines
			6.2.1 Introduction
			6.2.2 Types of Aero Piston Engine
				6.2.2.1 Rotary Engines
				6.2.2.2 Reciprocating Engines
				6.2.2.3 Supercharging and Turbocharging Engines
			6.2.3 Aerodynamics and Thermodynamics of the Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine
				6.2.3.1 Terminology for the Four-Stroke Engine
				6.2.3.2 Air-Standard Analysis
				6.2.3.3 Engine Thermodynamics Cycles
				6.2.3.4 Superchargers/Turbochargers
		6.3 Aircraft Propellers
			6.3.1 Introduction
			6.3.2 Classifications
				6.3.2.1 Source of Power
				6.3.2.2 Material
				6.3.2.3 Coupling to the Output Shaft
				6.3.2.4 Control
				6.3.2.5 Number of Propellers Coupled to Each Engine
				6.3.2.6 Direction of Rotation
				6.3.2.7 Propulsion Method
				6.3.2.8 Number of Blades
			6.3.3 Aerodynamic Design
				6.3.3.1 Axial Momentum (or Actuator Disk) Theory
				6.3.3.2 Modified Momentum or Simple Vortex Model
				6.3.3.3 Blade Element Considerations
				6.3.3.4 Dimensionless Parameters
				6.3.3.5 Typical Propeller Performance
		6.4 Turboprop Engines
			6.4.1 Introduction to Turboprop Engines
			6.4.2 Classification of Turboprop Engines
			6.4.3 Thermodynamics Analysis of Turboprop Engines
				6.4.3.1 Single-Spool Turboprop
				6.4.3.2 Two-Spool Turboprop
			6.4.4 Analogy with Turbofan Engines
			6.4.5 Equivalent Engine Power
				6.4.5.1 Static Condition
				6.4.5.2 Flight Operation
			6.4.6 Fuel Consumption
			6.4.7 Turboprop Installation
			6.4.8 Details of Some Engines
			6.4.9 Performance Analysis
			6.4.10 Comparison between Turbojet, Turbofan and Turboprop Engines
		6.5 Turboshaft Engines
			6.5.1 Power Generated by Turboshaft Engines
				6.5.1.1 Single-Spool Turboshaft
				6.5.1.2 Double-Spool Turboshaft
			6.5.2 Examples for Turboshaft Engines
		6.6 Propfan Engines
		6.7 Conclusion
		Problems
		References
	7. High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Engines
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Supersonic Aircraft and Programs
			7.2.1 Anglo-French Activities
				7.2.1.1 Concorde
				7.2.1.2 BAe-Aerospatiale AST
			7.2.2 Russian Activities
				7.2.2.1 Tupolev TU-144
			7.2.3 The U.S. Activities
		7.3 The Future of Commercial Supersonic Technology
		7.4 Technology Challenges of Future Flight
		7.5 High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Propulsion
			7.5.1 Introduction
			7.5.2 Hybrid-Cycle Engine
		7.6 Turboramjet Engine
		7.7 Wraparound Turboramjet
			7.7.1 Operation as a Turbojet Engine
			7.7.2 Operation as a Ramjet Engine
		7.8 Over/Under Turboramjet
			7.8.1 Turbojet Mode
			7.8.2 Dual Mode
			7.8.3 Ramjet Mode
		7.9 Turboramjet Performance
			7.9.1 Turbojet Mode
			7.9.2 Ramjet Mode
			7.9.3 Dual Mode
		7.10 Case Study
		7.11 Examples for Turboramjet Engines
		7.12 Hypersonic Flight
			7.12.1 History of Hypersonic Vehicles
			7.12.2 Hypersonic Commercial Transport
			7.12.3 Military Applications
		7.13 Scramjet Engines
			7.13.1 Introduction
			7.13.2 Thermodynamics
		7.14 Intake of a Scramjet Engine
			7.14.1 Case Study
		7.15 Combustion Chamber
			7.15.1 Fuel Mixing in Parallel Stream
				7.15.1.1 Ramp Injectors
			7.15.2 Fuel Mixing in Normal Stream
		7.16 Nozzle
		7.17 Case Study
		7.18 Dual-Mode Combustion Engine (Dual Ram-Scramjet)
			7.18.1 Aero-Thermodynamics of Dual-Mode Scramjet
		Problems
		References
	8. Industrial Gas Turbines
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Categories of Gas Turbines
		8.3 Types of Industrial Gas Turbines
		8.4 Single-Shaft Engine
			8.4.1 Single Compressor and Turbine
				8.4.1.1 Ideal Cycle
				8.4.1.2 Real Cycle
			8.4.2 Regeneration
			8.4.3 Reheat
			8.4.4 Intercooling
			8.4.5 Combined Intercooling, Regeneration, and Reheat
		8.5 Double-Shaft Engine
			8.5.1 Free-Power Turbine
			8.5.2 Two-Discrete Shafts (Spools)
		8.6 Three Spool
		8.7 Combined Gas Turbine
		8.8 Marine Applications
			8.8.1 Additional Components for Marine Applications
			8.8.2 Examples for Marine Gas Turbines
		8.9 Offshore Gas Turbines
		8.10 Micro-Gas Turbines (μ-Gas Turbines)
			8.10.1 Micro- versus Typical-Gas Turbines
			8.10.2 Design Challenges
				8.10.2.1 Manufacturing
				8.10.2.2 Selection and Design of Bearings
				8.10.2.3 Compressor and Turbine
			8.10.3 Applications
		Problems
		References
Section II Component Design
	9. Powerplant Installation and Intakes
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Powerplant Installation
		9.3 Subsonic Aircraft
			9.3.1 Turbojet and Turbofan Engines
				9.3.1.1 Wing Installation
				9.3.1.2 Fuselage Installation
				9.3.1.3 Combined Wing and Tail Installation (Three Engines)
				9.3.1.4 Combined Fuselage and Tail Installation
			9.3.2 Turboprop Installation
		9.4 Supersonic Aircraft
			9.4.1 Civil Transports
			9.4.2 Military Aircraft
		9.5 Air Intakes or Inlets
		9.6 Subsonic Intakes
			9.6.1 Inlet Performance
			9.6.2 Performance Parameters
				9.6.2.1 Isentropic Efficiency (ηd)
				9.6.2.2 Stagnation-Pressure Ratio (rd)
			9.6.3 Turboprop Inlets
		9.7 Supersonic Intakes
			9.7.1 Review of Gas Dynamic Relations for Normal and Oblique Shocks
				9.7.1.1 Normal Shock Waves
				9.7.1.2 Oblique Shock Waves
			9.7.2 External Compression Intake (Inlet)
			9.7.3 Internal Compression Inlet (Intake)
			9.7.4 Mixed Compression Intakes
		9.8 Matching between Intake and Engine
		9.9 Case Study
		Problems
		References
	10. Combustion Systems
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Subsonic Combustion Chambers
			10.2.1 Tubular (or Multiple) Combustion Chambers
			10.2.2 Tubo-Annular Combustion Chambers
			10.2.3 Annular Combustion Chambers
		10.3 Supersonic Combustion Chamber
		10.4 Combustion Process
		10.5 Components of the Combustion Chamber
		10.6 Aerodynamics of the Combustion Chamber
			10.6.1 Aerodynamics of Diffusers
		10.7 Chemistry of Combustion
		10.8 The First Law Analysis of Combustion
		10.9 Combustion Chamber Performance
			10.9.1 Pressure Losses
			10.9.2 Combustion Efficiency
			10.9.3 Combustion Stability
			10.9.4 Combustion Intensity
			10.9.5 Cooling
				10.9.5.1 Louver Cooling
				10.9.5.2 Splash Cooling
				10.9.5.3 Film Cooling
				10.9.5.4 Convection-Film Cooling
				10.9.5.5 Impingement-Film Cooling
				10.9.5.6 Transpiration Cooling
				10.9.5.7 Effective Cooling
		10.10 Material
		10.11 Aircraft Fuels
			10.11.1 Safety Fuels
		10.12 Emissions and Pollutants
			10.12.1 Pollutant Formation
				10.12.1.1 NOx Emissions
				10.12.1.2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions
		10.13 The Afterburner
		10.14 Supersonic Combustion System
		Problems
		References
	11. Exhaust System
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Nozzle
			11.2.1 Governing Equations
				11.2.1.1 Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
				11.2.1.2 Convergent Nozzle
			11.2.2 Variable Geometry Nozzles
			11.2.3 Afterburning Nozzles
		11.3 Calculation of the Two-Dimensional Supersonic Nozzle
			11.3.1 Convergent Nozzle
			11.3.2 Divergent Nozzle
				11.3.2.1 Analytical Determination of the Contour of a Nozzle
				11.3.2.2 Design Procedure for a Minimum Length Divergent Nozzle
				11.3.2.3 Procedure of Drawing the Expansion Waves inside the Nozzle
		11.4 Thrust Reversal
			11.4.1 Classification of Thrust Reverser Systems
			11.4.2 Calculation of Ground Roll Distance
		11.5 Thrust Vectoring
			11.5.1 Governing Equations
		11.6 Noise
			11.6.1 Introduction
			11.6.2 Acoustics Model Theory
			11.6.3 Methods Used to Decrease Jet Noise
		11.7 High-Speed Vehicles
			11.7.1 Conical Nozzles
			11.7.2 Bell Nozzles
				11.7.2.1 Advantages of Bell-Shaped Nozzle
				11.7.2.2 Disadvantages of Bell-Shaped Nozzle
			11.7.3 Annular Nozzles
				11.7.3.1 Radial Out-Flow Nozzles
				11.7.3.2 Radial Inflow Nozzles
		Problems
		References
	12. Centrifugal Compressors
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Layout of Compressor
			12.2.1 Impeller
			12.2.2 Diffuser
			12.2.3 Scroll or Manifold
		12.3 Classification of Centrifugal Compressors
		12.4 Governing Equations
			12.4.1 The Continuity Equation
			12.4.2 The Momentum Equation or Euler’s Equation for Turbomachinery
			12.4.3 The Energy Equation or the First Law of Thermodynamics
			12.4.4 Slip Factor σ
			12.4.5 Prewhirl
			12.4.6 Types of Impeller
			12.4.7 Radial Impeller
		12.5 The Diffuser
			12.5.1 Vaneless Diffuser
				12.5.1.1 Incompressible Flow
				12.5.1.2 Compressible Flow
			12.5.2 Vaned Diffuser
		12.6 Discharge Systems
		12.7 Characteristic Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor
		12.8 Erosion
			12.8.1 Introduction
			12.8.2 Theoretical Estimation of Erosion
		Problems
		References
	13. Axial Flow Compressors and Fans
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Comparison between Axial and Centrifugal Compressors
			13.2.1 Advantages of the Axial Flow Compressor over the Centrifugal Compressor
			13.2.2 Advantages of Centrifugal-Flow Compressor over the Axial Flow Compressor
			13.2.3 Main Points of Comparison between Centrifugal and Axial Compressors
		13.3 Mean Flow (Two-Dimensional Approach)
			13.3.1 Types of Velocity Triangles
			13.3.2 Variation of Enthalpy Velocity and Pressure in an Axial Compressor
		13.4 Basic Design Parameters
			13.4.1 Centrifugal Stress
			13.4.2 Tip Mach Number
			13.4.3 Fluid Deflection
		13.5 Design Parameters
		13.6 Three-Dimensional Flow
			13.6.1 Axisymmetric Flow
			13.6.2 Simplified Radial Equilibrium Equation (SRE)
			13.6.3 Free Vortex Method
			13.6.4 General Design Procedure
		13.7 Complete Design Process for Compressors
		13.8 Rotational Speed (rpm) and Annulus Dimensions
		13.9 Determine the Number of Stages (Assuming Stage Efficiency)
		13.10 Calculation of Air Angles for Each Stage at the Mean Section
			13.10.1 First Stage
			13.10.2 Stages from (2) to (n - 1)
			13.10.3 Last Stage
		13.11 Variation of Air Angles from Root to Tip Based on Type of Blading (Either Free Vortex, Exponential, or First Power Methods)
		13.12 Blade Design
			13.12.1 Cascade Measurements
			13.12.2 Choosing the Type of Airfoil
			13.12.3 Stage Performance
		13.13 Compressibility Effects
		13.14 Performance
			13.14.1 Single Stage
			13.14.2 Multistage Compressor
			13.14.3 Compressor Map
			13.14.4 Stall and Surge
			13.14.5 Surge Control Methods
				13.14.5.1 Multi-Spool Compressor
				13.14.5.2 Variable Vanes
				13.14.5.3 Air Bleed
		13.15 Case Study
			13.15.1 Mean Section Data
			13.15.2 Variations from Hub to Tip
			13.15.3 Details of Flow in Stage Number 2
			13.15.4 Number of Blades and Stresses of the Seven Stages
			13.15.5 Compressor Layout
		13.16 Erosion
		Problems
		References
	14. Axial Turbines
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Comparison between Axial-Flow Compressors and Turbines
		14.3 Aerodynamics and Thermodynamics for a Two-Dimensional Flow
			14.3.1 Velocity Triangles
			14.3.2 Euler Equation
			14.3.3 Efficiency, Losses, and Pressure Ratio
			14.3.4 Nondimensional Quantities
			14.3.5 Several Remarks
		14.4 Three-Dimensional Analysis
			14.4.1 Free Vortex Design
			14.4.2 Constant Nozzle Angle Design (α2)
			14.4.3 General Case
			14.4.4 Constant Specific Mass Flow Stage
		14.5 Preliminary Design
			14.5.1 Main Design Steps
			14.5.2 Aerodynamic Design
			14.5.3 Blade Profile Selection
			14.5.4 Mechanical and Structural Design
				14.5.4.1 Centrifugal Stresses
				14.5.4.2 Centrifugal Stresses on Blades
				14.5.4.3 Centrifugal Stresses on Disks
				14.5.4.4 Gas Bending Stress
				14.5.4.5 Centrifugal Bending Stress
				14.5.4.6 Thermal Stress
			14.5.5 Turbine Cooling
				14.5.5.1 Turbine Cooling Techniques
				14.5.5.2 Mathematical Modeling
			14.5.6 Losses and Efficiency
				14.5.6.1 Profile Loss (Yp)
				14.5.6.2 Annulus Loss
				14.5.6.3 Secondary Flow Loss
				14.5.6.4 Tip Clearance Loss (Yk)
		14.6 Turbine Map
		14.7 Case Study
			14.7.1 Design Point
				14.7.1.1 Mean Line Flow
				14.7.1.2 Three-Dimensional Variations
				14.7.1.3 Number of Blades for Nozzle and Rotor
				14.7.1.4 Chord Length at Any Section along Blade Height for Nozzle and Rotor
				14.7.1.5 Blade Material Selection
				14.7.1.6 Stresses on Rotor Blades
				14.7.1.7 Losses Calculations
				14.7.1.8 Turbine Efficiency
		14.8 Summary
		Problems
		References
	15. Radial Inflow Turbines
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Thermodynamic
		15.3 Dimensionless Parameters
			15.3.1 Stage Loading
			15.3.2 Flow Coefficient
			15.3.3 Rotor Meridional Velocity Ratio
			15.3.4 Specific Speed
		15.4 Preliminary Design
		15.5 Breakdown of Losses
		15.6 Design for Optimum Efficiency
		15.7 Cooling
		Problems
		References
	16. Module Matching
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Off-Design Operation of a Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Driving a Load
			16.2.1 Matching Procedure
			16.2.2 Different Loads
		16.3 Off-Design of a Free Turbine Engine
			16.3.1 Gas Generator
			16.3.2 Free Power Turbine
		16.4 Off-Design of Turbojet Engine
		Problems
		References
	17. Selected Topics
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 New Trends in Aeroengines
			17.2.1 Intercooler
			17.2.2 Intercooler and Recuperator
			17.2.3 Inter-Turbine Burner
			17.2.4 Double-Bypass/Three-Stream Turbofan
			17.2.5 3D Printing as the Future of Manufacturing Aircraft and Aircraft Engines
		17.3 Aviation Environmental Issues
			17.3.1 Introduction
			17.3.2 Sustainable Alternative Fuels
				17.3.2.1 Introduction
				17.3.2.2 Potential Second-Generation Biofuel Feedstocks
				17.3.2.3 Key Advantages of Second-Generation Biofuels for Aviation
				17.3.2.4 Commercial and Demonstration Flights
				17.3.2.5 Biofuels for Aviation Economic Viability
		17.4 Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles
			17.4.1 Introduction
			17.4.2 Categorization of UAV
				17.4.2.1 Based on Function
				17.4.2.2 Based on Range/Altitude
				17.4.2.3 Based on Size
				17.4.2.4 European Classifications (EUROUVS)
			17.4.3 Power Plant of UAV
				17.4.3.1 Electric Engine
				17.4.3.2 Internal Combustion (IC) Engines
				17.4.3.3 Gas Turbine Engines
				17.4.3.4 Engine Characteristics
		Problems
		References
Section III Rocket Propulsion
	18. Introduction to Rocketry
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 History
			18.2.1 Important Events
			18.2.2 Recent and Future Plans for Rocket and Space Flights (2014 and Beyond)
		18.3 Missile Configuration
			18.3.1 External Configuration
			18.3.2 Main Sections of a Missile Body
				18.3.2.1 Nose Section (Fore-Body)
				18.3.2.2 Mid-Section
				18.3.2.3 Tail Section
			18.3.3 The Auxiliary Components (Wings, Fins, and Canards)
				18.3.3.1 Wings
				18.3.3.2 Fins
		18.4 Classification
			18.4.1 Propulsion
			18.4.2 Energy Source
			18.4.3 Types of Missiles
			18.4.4 Launch Mode
			18.4.5 Range
			18.4.6 Warheads
			18.4.7 Guidance Systems
			18.4.8 Number of Stages
			18.4.9 Application
			18.4.10 Military Rockets
				18.4.10.1 According to Purpose and Use
				18.4.10.2 According to the Location of the Launching Site and Target
				18.4.10.3 According to the Main Characteristics
		18.5 Rocket Performance Parameters
			18.5.1 Thrust Force
			18.5.2 Effective Exhaust Velocity (Veff)
			18.5.3 Exhaust Velocity (ue)
			18.5.4 Important Nozzle Relations
			18.5.5 Characteristic Velocity (C*)
			18.5.6 Thrust Coefficient (CF)
			18.5.7 Total Impulse (It)
			18.5.8 Specific Impulse (Isp)
			18.5.9 Specific Propellant Consumption
			18.5.10 Mass Ratio (MR)
			18.5.11 Propellant Mass Fraction (ζ)
			18.5.12 Impulse-to-Weight Ratio
			18.5.13 Efficiencies
				18.5.13.1 Thermal Efficiency
				18.5.13.2 Propulsive Efficiency
				18.5.13.3 Overall Efficiency (η0)
		18.6 The Rocket Equation
			18.6.1 Single-Stage Rocket
				18.6.1.1 Negligible Drag
				18.6.1.2 Negligible Drag and Gravity Loss
			18.6.2 Multistage Rockets
			18.6.3 Rocket Equation for a Multistage Series Rocket
			18.6.4 Rocket Equation for a Parallel Multistage Rocket
			18.6.5 Advantages of Staging
			18.6.6 Disadvantages of Staging
		18.7 Space Flight
			18.7.1 Orbital Velocity
			18.7.2 Escape Velocity
		Problems
		References
	19. Rocket Engines
		19.1 Chemical Rocket Engines
			19.1.1 Introduction
			19.1.2 Performance Characteristics
		19.2 Solid Propellants
			19.2.1 Introduction
			19.2.2 Composition of a Solid Propellant
			19.2.3 Basic Definitions
			19.2.4 Burning Rate
			19.2.5 Characteristics of Some Solid Propellants
			19.2.6 Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines (LRE)
				19.2.6.1 Introduction
			19.2.7 Applications
				19.2.7.1 Propellant Feed System of LREs
		19.3 Liquid Propellants
			19.3.1 Monopropellant
			19.3.2 Bipropellant
			19.3.3 Fundamental Relations
		19.4 Pump-Fed System
		19.5 Rocket Pumps
			19.5.1 Introduction
			19.5.2 Centrifugal Pumps
			19.5.3 Multistage Centrifugal Pumps
			19.5.4 Multistage Axial Pumps
		19.6 Performance of Centrifugal Pumps
		19.7 Pump Performance Parameters
			19.7.1 Pump Specific Speed (Ns)
		19.8 Features of Modules of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME)
		19.9 Axial Pumps
		19.10 Parallel and Series Connections
		19.11 Pump Materials and Fabrication Processes
		19.12 Axial Turbines
			19.12.1 Single-Stage Impulse Turbine
			19.12.2 Multispool Impulse Turbines
			19.12.3 Reaction Turbines
		19.13 Hybrid Propulsion
			19.13.1 Introduction
			19.13.2 Mathematical Modeling
			19.13.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Engines
		19.14 Nuclear Rocket Propulsion
			19.14.1 Introduction
			19.14.2 Solid-Core Reactors
			19.14.3 Gas-Core Reactor
		19.15 Electric Rocket Propulsion
			19.15.1 Introduction
			19.15.2 Electrostatic Propulsion
				19.15.2.1 Introduction
				19.15.2.2 Mathematical Modeling
				19.15.2.3 Multiply Charged Ion Species
				19.15.2.4 Total Efficiency
				19.15.2.5 Electrical Efficiency
			19.15.3 Electrothermal
				19.15.3.1 Introduction
				19.15.3.2 Resistojets
				19.15.3.3 Arcjets
				19.15.3.4 Electromagnetic Engines
		Problems
		References
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix B: Turbofan
Appendix C: Samples of Gas Turbines (Representative Manufacturers)
Index