Agricultural Biotechnology (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment)

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 6
ISBN 0824794397......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Contributors......Page 15
I. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND BREEDING: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 22
II. THE LIMITATION OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE IN MEETING LAND, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS......Page 23
III. COMBINING THE NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY WITH CLASSIC BREEDING IS A MEANS OF PROMOTING AGRICULTURE BEYOND THE YEAR 2000......Page 25
A. Biopharming: Higher Plants and Farm Animals for the Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 29
3. Transgenic Plants......Page 30
C. Germplasm of the Future......Page 31
E. Phytoremediation and Bioremediation......Page 32
B. Cosmoceuticals and Nutroceuticals: Back to Natural Products......Page 33
C. Biochemicals for the Food and Chemical Industries......Page 34
VI. THE AGBIOTECH INDUSTRY: TRENDS, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, AND MARKET VALUES......Page 35
VII. BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE PROMISE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TOWARD THE 21ST CENTURY......Page 36
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 40
1. Advantages:......Page 41
A. Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture......Page 42
3. Organogenesis: Shoots, Roots, and Specialized Structures......Page 43
4. Somatic Embryogenesis......Page 44
1. Facilities......Page 45
2. Asepsis......Page 46
4. Culture Media......Page 47
1. Stage 0: Explant Source and Mother Plants......Page 48
4. Stage 3: Plantlet Establishment, Elongation, and Rooting......Page 49
1. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)......Page 50
1. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)......Page 52
1. Banana (Musaceae)......Page 53
1. Conifers......Page 54
1. Economic Potential......Page 56
C. Industrial Micropropagation......Page 57
4. Issues Facing Automated Micropropagation Mass Production Systems......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 64
II. THE NATURE OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF PLANTS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO......Page 65
A. General Considerations......Page 66
C. Detection of Noncultivable and Fastidious Contaminants......Page 67
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS......Page 68
1. Methods for the Confirmation of Pathogen Identity......Page 69
C. Fungi......Page 70
V. ELIMINATION OF PATHOGENS AND CONTAMINANTS......Page 71
B. Action to Be Taken in Stage 1......Page 72
C. Action to Be Taken in Stage 2......Page 73
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 75
A. Classic Approaches to Ex Situ Conservation......Page 78
B. New Approaches to Conservation......Page 79
B. In Vitro Field Collecting......Page 81
A. Classic Techniques......Page 84
B. Alternative Techniques......Page 85
A. History......Page 86
B. Classic Techniques......Page 87
2. Encapsulation-Dehydration......Page 91
4. Pregrowth-Desiccation......Page 93
5. Vitrification......Page 94
A. Slow Growth......Page 96
B. Cryopreservation......Page 97
B. Future Needs and Prospects for In Vitro Conservation......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 100
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 110
A. Types of Somatic Variation......Page 111
1. Somaclonal Variation......Page 112
1. Selection for Disease Resistance......Page 113
2. Selection for Abiotic Stress......Page 115
III. ASEXUAL PRODUCTION OF HOMOZYGOUS LINES......Page 117
1. Culture of Microspores Within the Anther......Page 118
2. Culture of Isolated Microspores......Page 119
3. Regeneration Capacity......Page 120
B. Haploid Cell Cultures Used for Selection......Page 121
C. Incorporation of Doubled Haploid Lines in Breeding Programs......Page 122
A. Symmetric Somatic Fusion......Page 123
B. Asymmetric Somatic Fusion......Page 125
C. Selection of Somatic Hybrids......Page 126
D. Combining Ability in Somatic Fusion......Page 127
F. Nuclear Cytoplasmic Interaction in Somatic Hybrids......Page 128
3. Recombination of Mitochondria......Page 129
V. CONCLUSION......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 140
A. Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer......Page 143
B. Direct Gene Transfer to Protoplasts......Page 144
C. Ballistic Gene Transfer......Page 146
1. Instruments......Page 147
2. Parameters......Page 148
3. Organelle Transformation......Page 150
2. Microtargeting......Page 151
A. Expression Signals......Page 152
1. Constitutive Promoters......Page 153
2. Tissue-Specific and Inducible Promoters......Page 154
5. Translation......Page 155
6. Effects of Sequences Outside of the Expression Cassette......Page 156
8. Expression Vectors......Page 157
1. Selectable Marker Genes......Page 158
2. Reporter Genes......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 163
I. DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAITS......Page 182
II. ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF CLASSIC BREEDING METHODS......Page 183
A. Tomato Fruit Ripening......Page 184
1. Improvement of Amino Acid Composition......Page 185
2. High-Value Peptides and Proteins......Page 186
1. Starch Synthesis and Sites of Manipulation......Page 187
2. Starch Yield......Page 188
3. High-Amylose or High-Amylopectin Starch......Page 189
D. Oils and Fats......Page 191
1. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Sites of Manipulation......Page 192
2. Saturated Fatty Acids......Page 194
4. Petroselinic Acid......Page 195
6. Ricinoleic Acid......Page 196
7. High-Erucic Acid Rapeseed......Page 197
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 199
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 204
II. CONCEPTS......Page 205
1. Differentiation Products......Page 206
2. Stress Products......Page 209
3. Genetic Engineering Products......Page 210
B. Preservation and Multiplication of Plant Resources......Page 212
A. Selection of Source Material......Page 213
B. Selection of Superior Cell Lines......Page 214
1. Light......Page 215
2. Nutrient and Production Media......Page 216
3. Elicitation......Page 217
D. Genetic Transformation......Page 218
E. Product Release and Adsorption......Page 219
G. (Micro)propagation......Page 221
A. Monoterpenes: Menthol......Page 222
B. Diterpenes: Paclitaxel (Taxol)......Page 224
C. Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Sanguinarine......Page 226
D. Indole Alkaloids: Vinblastine......Page 228
E. Phenylpropanoids:Vanillin......Page 231
F. Flavonoids: Anthocyanins......Page 232
V. OUTLOOK......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
I. INTRODUCTION: PRODUCTIVITY......Page 246
A. Suspension Cultures......Page 249
B. Immobilized Cultures......Page 250
C. Organized Cultures......Page 252
A. Stirred-Tank Bioreactors......Page 253
B. Impeller Designs......Page 255
C. Airlift Bioreactors......Page 256
D. Alternative Bioreactor Designs......Page 257
F. Comparison of Bioreactor Designs......Page 259
G. Growth Rates......Page 260
I. Bioreactors for Organized Cultures......Page 262
J. Bioreactors for Hairy Roots......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 265
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 272
III. HUMAN PROTEINS......Page 273
IV. ENZYMES......Page 274
VI. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS......Page 276
VII. ANTIBODIES......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 284
B. Hypovirulence......Page 286
D. Antibiosis......Page 287
F. Biocontrol of Airborne Diseases......Page 288
G. Biocontrol of Soilborne Diseases......Page 289
A. Mechanism of Action......Page 291
B. Perspectives......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 304
A. Expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Genes in Dicots......Page 305
B. Expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Genes in Monocots......Page 307
III. PROTEASE INHIBITOR GENES IN PLANTS......Page 309
A. Lectins......Page 310
D. Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins from Bacillus spp.......Page 311
VI. SUMMARY......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
I. WEEDS: A MAJOR PROBLEM IN AGRICULTURE......Page 316
A. Indirect Biotechnological Approaches to Weed Control......Page 317
B. Direct Approaches: Adding Genes for Herbicide Resistance......Page 318
A. Maize-Soybeans: A Potential Delusion......Page 319
B. Cotton: Needs Being Effectively Met......Page 322
1. Overcoming and Preventing Herbicide Resistances......Page 323
2. Meeting the Needs for New Selective Herbicides in Wheat......Page 325
E. The Needs and Successes in Controlling Parasitic Weeds......Page 326
1. Successes with Target-Site Inhibitors......Page 327
F. Needs in Rice: Just Appearing......Page 328
2. The Future of HRCs......Page 329
A. Why Bioherbicides?......Page 330
1. Reasons for High Inoculation Levels......Page 331
C. Synergizing Mycoherbicides by Suppressing Weed Defenses......Page 332
2. Interorganism Synergies......Page 333
V. CONSTRAINTS TO BIOTECHNOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL......Page 334
B. Misuse of Genetic-Engineering......Page 335
C.The (Putative) Moral Debate......Page 337
D. Who Should Perform the Research and Development?......Page 338
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 340
1. Nitrogen......Page 348
4. Water......Page 349
D. Environmental Constraints......Page 350
1. Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium......Page 351
2. Azospirillum......Page 354
4. Azotobacter......Page 356
5. Mycorrhizae......Page 357
6. Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria......Page 358
1. Rice......Page 359
2. Sugarcane......Page 360
E. Colonization......Page 361
B. Application of Biotechnology to Improve Microbial Inoculants......Page 362
5. Endophytes......Page 363
C. Application of Biotechnology to Create Novel Combinations of Crops and Beneficial Microbes......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 372
B. Laccase-Manganese Peroxidase Group......Page 373
A. Lignin Peroxidase......Page 374
B. Manganese Peroxidase......Page 375
C. Laccase......Page 376
A. Upgrading Wastes......Page 377
C. Mushroom Production......Page 378
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 380
I. INTRODUCTION: TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE......Page 388
A. Intracellular Reactions That Conserve Energy: “Classic Biochemistry”......Page 389
3. Polyphenol Oxidase (Laccase)......Page 390
A. Facts To Be Considered......Page 392
B. Mechanisms of Humus Formation......Page 393
C. Mechanisms of Humus Degradation......Page 394
1. Exploitation of the Indigenous Microflora......Page 395
B. The Use of White-Rot Fungi for Bioremediation......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 402
B. Semi-Intensive Agriculture: Selection for Responsiveness......Page 408
A. Genetic Variation......Page 409
III. MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION......Page 410
A. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms......Page 411
D. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers......Page 412
V. SPECIES GENOMIC MAPS......Page 413
VI. ASSOCIATING DNA LEVEL POLYMORPHISMS WITH VARIATION AT QTL......Page 414
1. QTL Mapping in Crosses Between Inbred Lines......Page 415
3. QTL Mapping in Crosses Between Outbred Populations......Page 416
A. Confidence Interval of QTL Map Location......Page 417
B. MAS Based on Linkage Mapping......Page 418
1. Within Population Selection: Candidate Bulls for Progeny Testing......Page 419
2. Cross-Population Introgression: Trypanotolerance......Page 420
3. Improving Cross Performance: Layer Chickens......Page 421
REFERENCES......Page 422
A. Oocyte Maturation......Page 428
B. Sperm Capacitation......Page 430
C. Fertilization......Page 431
D. Embryo Development......Page 432
E. Periimplantation Embryo Development......Page 434
A. Parthenogenetic Activation......Page 435
B. Cell Cycle......Page 436
D. Transcription and Methylation......Page 438
E. Totipotency, Embryonic Stem, and Germ Cells......Page 441
III. THE COMBINATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR NUCLEAR TRANSFER......Page 442
B. Activation......Page 443
C. Fusion......Page 444
D. Embryo and Fetal Development......Page 445
REFERENCE......Page 449
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 460
A. Flow Cytometry......Page 461
B. Resolution of X and Y Sperm......Page 462
D. Sperm-Sorting Technology Applied to Intact and Viable Sperm......Page 463
C. DNA Probing of Sexed Embryos......Page 465
D. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Sorted Populations......Page 466
2. Methods of Insemination......Page 467
C. Development: Embryo, Fetus, and Offspring......Page 468
D. Application of the Technology to Livestock......Page 469
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 472
II. TRANSGENIC LIVESTOCK PROJECTS......Page 474
C. Biomedical Transgenic Projects......Page 475
A. Collection of Embryos......Page 476
C. Culture and Transfer of Injected Zygotes......Page 477
A. Embryo Survival......Page 478
B. Rate of Transgene Integration......Page 479
C. Expression of Transgenes......Page 480
A. Animal Resources......Page 481
B. Time Required to Complete Transgenic Projects......Page 482
C. Transformation of Embryonic Stem Cells......Page 485
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 486
REFERENCES......Page 487
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 494
A. Microinjection of DNA into Pronuclei......Page 496
B. Viral Vectors......Page 497
III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL SYSTEMS FOR BOVINE TRANSGENESIS......Page 498
IV. TRANSOMATIC GENE TRANSFER......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 501
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 504
II. SYSTEMIC SOMATOTROPIN CASCADE......Page 505
III. CELLULAR SOMATOTROPIN CASCADE......Page 506
IV. ROLE OF SOMATOTROPIN IN LACTATION......Page 507
A. Ruminant Species......Page 508
B. Poultry......Page 509
C. Swine......Page 510
D. Aquatic Species......Page 511
REFERENCES......Page 512
I. AVIAN REPRODUCTION: PROBLEMS, LIMITATIONS, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRANSGENESIS......Page 520
B. Microinjection into the Fertilized Egg......Page 522
C. Mosaic Blastoderms......Page 523
E. Germline Chimeras......Page 524
F. Germline Mosaics......Page 525
III. FUTURE PROSPECTS: THE AVIAN WISH-LIST......Page 526
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 528
1. First Generation......Page 532
C. Recombinant Proteins......Page 533
B. Dot-Blot Hybridization......Page 535
C. RNA and DNA Amplification......Page 536
A. Differentiation Between Immune Responses to Vaccine and Pathogen Strains......Page 537
B. Biotechnology and the Control of Parasitic Diseases......Page 538
C. Diagnosis of Epizootic Diseases......Page 539
D. Diagnosis of Enzootic Diseases......Page 540
E. Diagnosis of Zoonotic Diseases......Page 541
B. Diagnosis, Vaccination, and Immunity-Monitoring in the Small Practices......Page 542
A. Diagnosis of Mastitis in the Dairy Herd......Page 543
VII. SUMMARY......Page 544
REFERENCES......Page 545
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 548
A. Transgene Constructs......Page 549
B. Selection of Fish Species......Page 550
1. Microinjection of Eggs or Embryos......Page 552
2. Electroporation......Page 553
A. Identification of Transgenic Fish......Page 554
B. Expression of Transgenes......Page 555
C. Patterns of Transgene Integration......Page 556
A. Biosynthetic Growth Hormone and Growth Enhancement......Page 557
B. GH and IGF-I Transgenic Fish......Page 559
V. GENERAL CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE......Page 563
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 564
REFERENCES......Page 565
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 570
II. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF FISH ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS......Page 571
III. ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN GENE PROMOTER AS A VECTOR FOR TRANSGENIC STUDIES......Page 572
IV. DESIGN OF THE AFP-GH CHIMERIC GENE CONSTRUCTS FOR TRANSGENIC STUDIES......Page 573
B. Inheritance of the F1 Offspring......Page 574
C. Tissue-Specific Mosaicism in GH Transgenic Founders......Page 576
A. Growth Performance of the Founders......Page 577
VIII. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 578
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 580
REFERENCES......Page 581
A. Useful Materials from Marine Invertebrates......Page 584
B. Marine Invertebrates as Sources of Bioactive Compounds......Page 586
III. FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES......Page 587
2. Larval Settlement......Page 588
3. Growth Regulation......Page 589
1. Disease in Fisheries and Aquaculture of Marine Invertebrates......Page 590
2. Molecular and Serological Approaches to Disease Diagnosis in Marine Invertebrates......Page 593
A. Tissue and Cell Primary Cultures from Marine Invertebrates......Page 594
V. APPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC APPROACHES TO AQUACULTURE OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES......Page 595
A. Growth Regulation......Page 596
B. Disease Resistance......Page 597
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 598
REFERENCES......Page 599
II. DIAGNOSIS......Page 606
A. Serology......Page 607
3. Coagglutination with Antibody-Sensitized Staphylococci......Page 608
5. Fluorescent Antibody Technique......Page 609
6. Sandwich Techniques......Page 610
B. Gene Probe Technology......Page 612
B. Dietary Improvements......Page 613
D. Specific Immunostimulants (Vaccines)......Page 614
E. Antimicrobial Compounds......Page 615
2. Probiotics......Page 616
REFERENCES......Page 617
II. RATIONALE FOR USE OF SEAWEEDS IN BIOREMEDIATION......Page 622
B. Removal of Nutrients......Page 623
D. Organic Pollutants......Page 624
III. CURRENT RESEARCH PROGRAMS ON USE OF MACROALGAE IN BIOREMEDIATION......Page 625
A. Land-Based Seaweed Cultivation Systems......Page 626
B. Seaweed Cultivation in the Sea......Page 627
1. Long-Line Cultivation Systems......Page 628
V. INTEGRATION OF SEAWEED FARMING WITH BIOREMEDIATION......Page 629
VII. USES AND PRODUCTS FROM SEAWEEDS......Page 631
REFERENCES......Page 632
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 636
II. WASTE PROCESSING AND TREATMENT......Page 637
IV. BIOREMEDIATION OF SPILLED OIL......Page 638
V. BIOREMEDIATION OF DREDGED SEDIMENTS......Page 640
VII. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE......Page 641
REFERENCES......Page 644
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 650
III. REDEFINITION OF THE BUSINESS......Page 651
IV. TYPOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES......Page 652
A. Microalgae Production Systems......Page 654
A. Pigments......Page 656
2. Phycobiliproteins......Page 657
B. Unsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 658
C. Polysaccharides......Page 659
VII. MICROALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: AGROINDUSTRY OR AGRICULTURE?......Page 660
REFERENCES......Page 662
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 666
II. THE U.S. LEGAL REGIMEN......Page 667
A. The Requirements of Novelty, Utility, and Disclosure Under the Patent Act......Page 670
B. The Nature and Scope of Rights Conferred By a Patent......Page 671
1. Nature and Scope of Protection......Page 672
2. Requirements for Securing Protection......Page 673
3. Claiming Agricultural Biotechnology Under the Patent Act......Page 674
III. CONCLUSION......Page 675
NOTES......Page 676
A. Bioethics......Page 682
B. Historical and Cultural Background......Page 683
C. Public Opinion and Ethics......Page 684
A. International Comparison of Public Acceptance......Page 685
B. International Bioethics Survey......Page 686
C. Knowledge and Awareness of Biotechnology......Page 689
D. Benefits and Risks of Biotechnology......Page 690
E. Food Concerns and Human Health......Page 692
F. Environmental Concerns......Page 698
G. Source of Information and Trust in Authorities......Page 699
H. Economic Concerns and Patenting Life......Page 701
B. Balancing Benefits and Risks: Love......Page 703
C. There Is Ethical Value in Life......Page 704
E. Animal Regulations......Page 705
F. Sustainability and Balancing Ideals......Page 706
A. Scientific Responsibility......Page 707
C. Safety and Risk Are Bioethical Concerns......Page 708
REFERENCES......Page 709
A. Asia......Page 712
B. Latin America......Page 713
C. Arab States......Page 714
1. China......Page 715
2. India......Page 716
3. Indonesia......Page 718
4. Malaysia......Page 719
6. Thailand......Page 721
7. Vietnam......Page 723
8. Asia Network for Small-Scale Agricultural Biotechnology (Appropriate Technology International)......Page 724
1. Mexico......Page 727
3. Colombia......Page 728
4. Brazil......Page 729
5. Argentina......Page 731
7. The Caribbean......Page 732
8. Cassava Biotechnology Network......Page 733
1. Egypt......Page 734
3. Morocco......Page 736
4. Tunisia......Page 739
1. Senegal......Page 740
2. Ivory Coast......Page 741
3. Nigeria......Page 742
5. Kenya......Page 743
6. Zambia......Page 744
8. Republic of South Africa......Page 745
9. Mauritius......Page 746
REFERENCES......Page 747
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 752
II. INVESTMENTS AND MARKET TRENDS......Page 753
III. CORPORATE SUCCESS STORIES......Page 754
B. Bioremediation......Page 756
C. Bioprevention......Page 757
D. Bioenergy......Page 758
E. Biosensors......Page 759
V. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT......Page 760
REFERENCES......Page 761
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS: BY JEFF SCHELL......Page 764
II. PLANTS AND AGRICULTURE: BY INDRA K.VASIL......Page 766
III. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: BY NEAL L.FIRST......Page 768
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