Advances in Insect Chemical Ecology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
Phytochemical diversity and redundancy......Page 13
Progress in evaluating the diversity of defenses in the neotropical Meliaceae......Page 14
Analog synergism in the Lepidobotryaceae and Piperaceae......Page 20
Interaction of insect defense metabolites of the Asteraceae......Page 23
Plant integrated chemical defense hypothesis......Page 27
Plant integrated chemical defenses: comparisons with chemical arms race model......Page 28
Predictions based on the plant integrated chemical defenses hypothesis......Page 29
References......Page 30
Introduction......Page 33
The role of plant volatiles as prey and host location cues......Page 37
Beta-glucosidase......Page 41
Elicitors from plants......Page 42
The genetic basis for induction......Page 44
Specificity......Page 46
Variability......Page 47
Benefits......Page 50
Plant–plant “communication”......Page 51
Inducible nutrition......Page 53
Nutritional requirements of natural enemies......Page 54
Plant-provided nutrition and its functions......Page 55
Constitutive nectar production......Page 56
Induction of food provision......Page 57
Specificity of induction: elicitors and mechanisms......Page 59
Costs and benefits......Page 60
Direct costs......Page 61
Ecological costs......Page 62
The need for more field data......Page 63
Cross-effects......Page 65
Exploitation of induced defenses for biological control......Page 67
Evaluation of transgenic crops......Page 68
Acknowledgements......Page 69
References......Page 70
Introduction......Page 88
Opisthonotal glands......Page 89
Compounds in the gland......Page 92
Functions and usage of compounds other than as semiochemicals......Page 99
Summary of pheromonal functions......Page 100
Identification of the gland emitting the pheromone......Page 101
Chemistry of alarm pheromones......Page 102
Structure–activity relationships for alarm pheromones......Page 104
Lardolure......Page 105
Sites of pheromone production......Page 107
Chemistry......Page 108
Two explanations for puzzling distributions between males and females......Page 109
Mites have high thresholds for sex pheromones......Page 110
Recent advances in pheromone research in astigmatid mites......Page 111
References......Page 114
Spider pheromones......Page 122
Dictynidae......Page 133
Salticidae......Page 134
Lycosidae......Page 135
Agenelidae......Page 136
Ctenidae......Page 138
Linyphiidae......Page 140
Tetragnathidae......Page 143
Lipids......Page 144
Overview of spider pheromones......Page 145
Spider attractants discovered serendipitously......Page 146
Kairomones used by spiders......Page 147
Spider allomones......Page 148
Spider toxins......Page 152
Perception and production of spider semiochemicals......Page 153
Analytical methods for the analysis of spider pheromones......Page 154
References......Page 155
Introduction......Page 163
Chemical characterization of fragrance diversity......Page 164
Distributional patterns of fragrance chemistry......Page 167
Functional dissection of odor blends......Page 169
Periodicity in fragrance emissions......Page 171
Postpollination odor change: flowers as billboards......Page 172
Fragrance shuffling in food-deceptive orchids: a mechanism for learning disruption?......Page 173
Pre- and postpollination odors in sex-deceptive orchids......Page 174
Plant defense and the pollinator–attraction bias......Page 175
Unbidden visitors and conspiratorial whispers: the perils of advertisement......Page 176
Conclusions......Page 178
References......Page 179
Introduction......Page 191
Taxonomy......Page 192
Reproduction......Page 193
Mate finding......Page 195
Contact......Page 197
Male release of tergal volatiles......Page 198
Copulation......Page 199
Mating behavior......Page 200
Female volatile pheromone: (-)-periplanone-B......Page 201
Female volatile pheromone: (-)-periplanone-A......Page 202
Sources of periplanones......Page 204
Factors affecting pheromone production and response......Page 206
Pheromone analogs and structure–activity studies......Page 208
Sex pheromone reception and processing......Page 210
Sex pheromones of other blattid species......Page 212
Periplaneta japonica Karny (Japanese cockroach)......Page 213
Blatta orientalis L. (oriental cockroach)......Page 214
Sex pheromones of Blattellidae: Blattella germanica L. (German cockroach)......Page 216
Female volatile sex pheromone......Page 217
Female contact pheromone......Page 220
Male-produced pheromones......Page 226
Mating behavior......Page 227
Female volatile sex pheromone: source and identification......Page 228
Factors affecting pheromone production and response......Page 229
Sex pheromones of Blaberidae: Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) (lobster cockroach)......Page 231
Male volatile pheromones: sources and identification......Page 232
Factors affecting pheromone production and response......Page 233
Agonistic behavior and mate choice......Page 234
Male contact pheromone......Page 235
Byrsotria fumigata (Gu´erin) (Cuban burrowing cockroach)......Page 237
Other blaberids......Page 238
Summary and future directions......Page 239
References......Page 244
Introduction......Page 260
Larval pyrrolizidine alkaloid feeders......Page 263
Adult pyrrolizidine alkaloid feeding......Page 279
Why pyrrolizidine alkaloids?......Page 284
References......Page 286
Introduction......Page 295
Why do females signal and males respond?......Page 296
Selection for rapid mate finding......Page 297
Selection for male threshold of response and female rate of emission......Page 299
Male-produced pheromones......Page 301
Predators and parasitoids......Page 305
Phylogeny and chemical diversity of structure and biosynthetic pathways......Page 307
Genetic architecture of communications systems and mutation......Page 309
Signal specificity at the species level......Page 312
Geographic variation......Page 314
Stabilizing selection and sexual selection......Page 317
Communication interference......Page 320
Change in the number of pheromone components......Page 325
Spread of novel signals......Page 327
Redundancy......Page 329
Evolution of antagonists......Page 330
Potential of evolution of resistance to mating disruption......Page 331
Future directions......Page 333
References......Page 334
Index......Page 345