Advanced Porous Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword by Dr. Chenraj Roychand
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Part A Overview of Drug Delivery and Porous Materials
	1 A Brief Overview of Drug Delivery Systems and Significance of Advanced Porous Biomaterials in the Drug Delivery Field
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Different Types of Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs)
			1.2.1 Controlled DDSs
			1.2.2 Targeted DDSs
				1.2.2.1 Passive Targeting
				1.2.2.2 Active Targeting
		1.3 Importance of Porous Materials in Drug Delivery
		1.4 Classification of Porous Materials
		1.5 Natural Porous Materials
		1.6 Synthetic Porous Materials
		1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part B Natural Porous Materials
	2 Silk Fibroin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Drug Delivery Systems
		2.3 The Ideal Delivery System
			2.3.1  Protein-Based Delivery Systems
			2.3.2 Silk
			2.3.3 Silk Fibroin
		2.4 Fibroin Properties Exploited in Delivery Systems
			2.4.1 Mechanical Properties
			2.4.2 Biocompatibility
			2.4.3 Stability
			2.4.4 Degradability
		2.5 Silk Fibroin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
			2.5.1 Fibroin Particles
			2.5.2 Porous Sponges
			2.5.3 Microneedles
			2.5.4 Injectable Hydrogels
		2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		Acknowledgement
		References
	3 Surface Bioengineering of Nanostructured Diatom Biosilica and Their Applications in Drug Delivery
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Diatoms: Structure, Properties and Modifications
		3.3 Surface Modification Strategies
		3.4 Drug Delivery Applications
		3.5 Biodegradable Diatoms Drug Carriers
		3.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	4 Different Classes of Nanoclay Materials (Halloysite, Montmorillonite, and Kaolinite) and Its Applications in Controlled Drug Release and Targeted Drug Delivery
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Structure of Clay
		4.3 Structure of Kaolinite
			4.3.1 Structure of Halloysite
			4.3.2 Structure of Montmorillonite
		4.4 Interactions of Clay with Drug Molecules
		4.5 Clay-Polymer Composites
		4.6 Kaolinite in Drug Delivery
		4.7 Halloysite in Drug Delivery
			4.7.1 Drug Release Kinetics from Halloysite Nanotubes
			4.7.2 Halloysite-Drug Conjugates
			4.7.3 Polymer Coatings on Halloysite
			4.7.4 Biomolecule Loading in Halloysite
			4.7.5 Electrospun Composites
		4.8 Montmorillonite in Drug Delivery
			4.8.1 Intercalation of Drugs in Montmorillonite
			4.8.2 Drug Loading in Polymer-Montmorillonite Composites
			4.8.3 Anti-microbial Applications
		4.9 Conclusions
		References
	5 Naturally Obtained Zeolites for Drug Delivery Applications
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Natural Zeolites
		5.3 Application and Types of Natural Zeolites
			5.3.1 Clinoptilolite
			5.3.2 Mordenite
		5.4 Other Natural Zeolite Compounds
			5.4.1 Chabazite
		5.5 Future Directions
		Declaration of Competing Interest
		Acknowledgments
		References
	6 Porous Calcium Carbonates and Calcium Phosphates for Drug Delivery Applications
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Calcium Carbonates
		6.3 Calcium Phosphates
		6.4 Drug-Loading Approaches
			6.4.1 Surface Adsorption
			6.4.2 Encapsulation
		6.5 Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds
			6.5.1 Optimal Scaffold Properties for Drug Delivery
			6.5.2 Scaffold Fabrication Methods
			6.5.3 Drug Delivery Applications
				6.5.3.1 Bone Regeneration
				6.5.3.2 Treatment of Osteomyelitis
		6.6 Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Microspheres
			6.6.1 Optimal Microsphere Characteristics for Drug Delivery
			6.6.2 Particle Synthesis
			6.6.3 Drug Delivery Applications
				6.6.3.1 Cancer Therapies
				6.6.3.2 Vaccine Adjuvant
				6.6.3.3 Other Applications
		6.7 Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
			6.7.1 Nanoparticle Characteristics for Drug Delivery
				6.7.1.1 Pore Structures
				6.7.1.2 Particle Size and Shape
				6.7.1.3 Biodegradation
				6.7.1.4 Zeta Potential and Surface Charge
			6.7.2 Drug Delivery Applications
				6.7.2.1 Cancer Therapies
				6.7.2.2 Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders
				6.7.2.3 Tissue Engineering
				6.7.2.4 Other Applications
		6.8 Concluding Remarks
		References
Part C Synthetic Porous Materials
	7 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Carriers for Tumor Therapy
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 MOF Synthesis
		7.3 Properties of MOFs as a Carrier
			7.3.1 MOFs in Tumor Therapy
			7.3.2 pH-Responsive MOFs
			7.3.3 Thermoresponsive MOFs
			7.3.4 Enzyme-Responsive MOFs
			7.3.5 Redox-Responsive MOFs
			7.3.6 Photoresponsive MOFs
			7.3.7 Magnetic Field-Responsive MOFs
		7.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective
		Acknowledgments
		References
	8 Covalent Organic Frameworks ( COFs) for Drug Delivery Applications
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Linkers for the Synthesis of COFs
			8.2.1 Boron-Oxygen Linkage
			8.2.2 Carbon-Nitrogen Linkage
			8.2.3 Other Linkages
		8.3 Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
			8.3.1 Solvothermal Synthesis
			8.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
			8.3.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis
			8.3.4 Sonochemical Synthesis
			8.3.5 Ionothermal Synthesis
		8.4 Drug Delivery Application
			8.4.1 2D COFs
		8.5 3D COFs
		8.6 COF Composites
		8.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
		Acknowledgment
		Note
		References
	9 Nanoporous Anodic Alumina (NAA) for Drug Delivery Applications
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Nanoporous Anodic Alumina (NAA): Structure, Preparation, and Properties
		9.3 Biocompatibility
		9.4 In Vitro Biocompatibility Studies
		9.5 In Vivo Biocompatibility Studies
		9.6 Drug Delivery Applications of NAA
			9.6.1 In Vitro Studies of NAA as Carriers for Drug Delivery
			9.6.2 External Stimulus and Triggered Drug Release
			9.6.3 Coronary Stents Implants
			9.6.4 Biocapsules for Immunoissolation
		9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	10 Electrochemically Nano-engineered Titanium Implants towards Local Drug Delivery Applications
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Electrochemically Nano-engineered Ti Implants
		10.3 Drug Delivery from Nano-engineered Ti Implants
			10.3.1 Antibacterial Therapy
				10.3.1.1 Release of Antibiotics
				10.3.1.2 Controlled Release Using Biopolymers
				10.3.1.3 Release of Metal Ions/Nanoparticles
			10.3.2 Immunomodulatory
			10.3.3 Osseointegration
				10.3.3.1 Release of Growth Factors
				10.3.3.2 Release of Metal Nanoparticles
				10.3.3.3 Bioactive Polymers
				10.3.4 Soft-Tissue Integration
				10.3.5 Synergistic Therapies
				10.3.6 Anticancer
		10.4 Triggered Local Therapy
			10.4.1 Internal Triggers
			10.4.2 External Triggers
		10.5 Cytotoxicity Concerns
		10.6 Research Challenges and Future Directions
		10.7 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	11 Porous Silicon for Drug Delivery Applications
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Fabrication of Porous Silicon (pSi)
		11.3 Surface Chemistry of pSi and Their Stability Through Chemical Modification
		11.4 Formation of Silicon-Carbon Bond
			11.4.1 Hydrosilylation
			11.4.2 Carbonization
			11.4.3 Dehydrogenative Coupling (DHC)
			11.4.4 Silanization
		11.5 Drug Delivery Applications
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
	12 Surface Modified Graphene Oxide (GO) for Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Fundamental of Carbon and Its Allotropes
			12.2.1 Graphene
			12.2.2 Graphene Oxide (GO)
		12.3 Synthesis and Surface Modification of GO
		12.4 Functionalization Schemes
			12.4.1 GO associated with Antibody Nanocomposites
			12.4.2 GO associated with Metal Nanoparticle Composites
			12.4.3 GO associated with Polymer Nanocomposites
		12.5 Characterization Techniques
			12.5.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
			12.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
			12.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy
			12.5.4 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
			12.5.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
			12.5.6 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
			12.5.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		12.6 GO Nanocomposites in Therapeutical Domain
			12.6.1 GO in the Direction of Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery System
			12.6.2 GO in the Gene Delivery System
		12.7 Biocompatibility and Noxiousness of GO Nanocomposites
		12.8 Conclusion and Future Scope
		References
	13 Fullerene Derivatives for Drug Delivery Applications
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Fullerene and Its Derivatives
		13.3 Applications of Fullerene as Drug Delivery Carrier
		13.4 Application of Fullerene for Anticancer
		13.5 Applications of Fullerene for Antibacterial Activity
		13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
	14 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Chemical Properties of CNTs
			14.1.2 Classification of CNTs
			14.1.3 General Properties of CNTs
		14.2 Synthesis
			14.2.1 Electric Arc-Discharge Method
			14.2.2 Laser Ablation Method
			14.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
			14.2.4 High-Pressure Carbon Monoxide (HiPco) Synthesis
		14.3 Purification and Modification of CNTs
		14.4 Functionalization Strategies for CNTs
			14.4.1 Physical or Noncovalent Functionalization
			14.4.2 Covalent Functionalization
		14.5 Application of CNTs in Drug Delivery
			14.5.1 Considerations of CNTs as Drug Delivery System
				14.5.1.1 Size and Structure
				14.5.1.2 Surface-Decorated Molecules
				14.5.1.3 Agglomeration Tendency
				14.5.1.4 Cell Type
				14.5.1.5 Drug Loading and Release Mechanism
			14.5.2 Applications of CNTs
				14.5.2.1 Drug Delivery Vector
				14.5.2.2 CNTs for Therapeutic Brain Delivery
				14.5.2.3 Gene Delivery Vector
				14.5.2.4 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
		14.6 Conclusion and Future of Nanotherapeutics
		References
Index