Advanced Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Emerging, Consolidated Technologies and Introduction to Molecular Techniques

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	References
Chapter 2: Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs)
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of Membrane Bioreactors
	2.3 MBR Technology: Current Scenario
	2.4 Fouling in MBRs
		2.4.1 Operational Factors
		2.4.2 Occurrence of Fouling in MBRs
		2.4.3 Polymeric Extracellular Substances and Soluble Microbial Products
		2.4.4 Operation Modes and Fouling Control
	2.5 Use of Activated Carbon in MBRs
	2.6 Combined MBBR-MBR
	2.7 Future Advances in MBR Technology
	References
Chapter 3: Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
	3.1 Contextualization of and Introduction to MBBR Process
	3.2 Principle of MBBR Operation
	3.3 Biofilm Carriers Used in MBBR Systems
	3.4 Operational Aspects
		3.4.1 Filling Ratio (VS/VR) or Filling Fraction (%)
		3.4.2 Hydrodynamics of MBBR
		3.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
		3.4.4 Formation of Biofilm on Moving Carriers in MBBR
		3.4.5 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (Exopolymers)
		3.4.6 Microscopic Observation of the Biofilm
	3.5 MBBR Applications
		3.5.1 Application of MBBR for Organic Matter Removal
		3.5.2 MBBR Application for Nitrogen Removal
			3.5.2.1 Nitrification
			3.5.2.2 Denitrification
			3.5.2.3 Applications
	3.6 Final Considerations
	References
Chapter 4: Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 General Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology
	4.3 Formation of Aerobic Granules
	4.4 Factors Affecting Aerobic Granulation
		4.4.1 Settling Time
		4.4.2 Bacterial Growth Rate
		4.4.3 Feeding Strategy
		4.4.4 Dissolved Oxygen and Aeration Intensity
		4.4.5 Reactor Configuration
		4.4.6 Substrate Composition and Concentration
		4.4.7 Sludge Used as Inoculum
		4.4.8 Temperature
		4.4.9 pH
		4.4.10 Addition of Divalent Cations
	4.5 Case Studies Involving the Formation of Aerobic Granules
	4.6 Conversion Processes in Aerobic Granules
	4.7 Application of Aerobic Granules in Wastewater Treatment: From Laboratory Studies to Full-Scale Experiences
	4.8 Final Considerations and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5: New Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 New Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal
		5.2.1 Introduction and Contextualization
		5.2.2 Anammox Process
			5.2.2.1 Brief History
			5.2.2.2 Conversions Involved in the Anammox Process and Characteristics of the Organisms Responsible for this Process
			5.2.2.3 Factors Influencing Anammox Bacteria Activity
				Substrates and Products
				Oxygen
				Organic Carbon
				Temperature and pH
				Biomass Concentration
				Suspended Solids
				Light and Reactor Mixing Velocity
			5.2.2.4 Application of Anammox Process
				Partial Nitritation and Anammox in Two Separate Reactors (Two Stages)
					Partial Nitritation
					Anammox
				Partial Nitritation and Anammox in a Single Reactor (One Stage)
					CANON Process
					OLAND Process
					Aerobic/Anoxic Deammonification or DEMON
		5.2.3 Denitrifying Ammonium Oxidation (DEAMOX) Process
		5.2.4 NOX Processes
	5.3 Final Considerations
	References
Chapter 6: Molecular Biology Techniques Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity of Wastewater Treatment Systems
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Microbial Diversity
		6.1.2 Basic Concepts of Genetics
	6.2 Principles and Concepts of Molecular Biology Techniques Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity
		6.2.1 Introduction to Molecular Biology Techniques
		6.2.2 PCR
		6.2.3 DGGE
		6.2.4 Cloning and Sequencing
		6.2.5 FISH
		6.2.6 Alternative Methods Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity
			6.2.6.1 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP)
			6.2.6.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
			6.2.6.3 Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
			6.2.6.4 Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
			6.2.6.5 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA)
			6.2.6.6 Phospholipid Ester-Linked Fatty Acid (PLFA) Analysis
			6.2.6.7 DNA Microarray
		6.2.7 Next-Generation High-Throughput Sequencing Methods
	6.3 Application of Molecular Biology Techniques to Wastewater Treatment
		6.3.1 Introduction
		6.3.2 Application of Molecular Biology Techniques in Studies to Characterize the Microbial Communities of Wastewater Treatment Systems
	6.4 Final Considerations
	References